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Online submission is compulsory
Authors must use the Bench>Press online submission and peer-review system. The benefits of online submission include reduced time taken to give you a decision and savings in courier and postal charges. Postal submissions and manuscripts submitted by email will not be considered. Papers should be prepared as described in these Instructions, with double line spacing, but to aid online reviewing it is particularly important to provide continuous line numbering in the PDF or Word file. Please also be as economical as possible with the layout of your paper in order to minimize costs for the Editors and referees. Click here for more details. Authors are strongly encouraged to provide the names and contact details of up to five potential referees during the submission process.
Papers that were submitted via ESPERE before 1 January 2008 must now be revised through the Bench>Press system. The revised version should be treated as a new submission; the check-box 'This paper is a resubmission' should be selected and the ESPERE manuscript number must be given. A response to the comments of the editor and reviewers must also be supplied.
JMM Editorial Office
Society for General Microbiology
Marlborough House
Basingstoke Road
Spencers Wood
Reading RG7 1AG
UK
Scope. The Editorial Board of the Journal of Medical Microbiology (JMM) wishes to publish excellent original scientific research papers or related original reviews, editorials or case reports, all of which should adhere to the following criteria. Subject matter should be within the ambit of medical microbiology, covering all types of micro-organism. Generally papers should be written from the perspective of microbiology rather than infectious disease. Basic research on the biology of pathogens, set in the context of infection or immunity, is acceptable. Host-centred topics, for example in host cell biology or immunology, will only be considered if there is a strong connection to a specific infection(s). Research findings should be novel, original and have a significant impact and are expected to go beyond purely descriptive or factual reporting of observations. For example, acceptable content might uncover underlying mechanisms or explanations of phenomena observed, or provide novel interpretation of observations. If in doubt, the Editor-in-Chief will be pleased to advise authors about eligibility prior to submission, without prejudice to the acceptance or rejection of any papers subsequently submitted.
JMM publishes papers under the following subject categories:
Originality, authorship and copyright. Any papers submitted to the journal must represent reports of original research, and the original data must be available for review by the Editors if necessary. Papers are considered for publication on the understanding that (a) they report unpublished work that is not under consideration for publication elsewhere; (b) all named authors have agreed to the submission; and (c) if the paper is accepted for publication in JMM, all the authors (or other copyright holder) will assign to the Society for General Microbiology (SGM) the copyright (including electronic reproduction rights) of the paper, which will then not be published elsewhere in the same form, in any language or medium, without the written consent of the SGM.
Click here to download a Copyright Transfer Agreement form/Licence to Publish.
Author self-archiving. Authors may mount a PDF file of their accepted manuscript on their own or their institution's website or on a centrally organized repository (such as PubMed Central), provided that the PDF is not publicly available until 12 months after online publication in the journal. The PDF file must correspond exactly to the accepted version of the manuscript. Authors may not mount a PDF of the final published version (with the exception indicated below), although they should include a link to the published version. Author manuscripts must not be mounted less than 12 months after publication in the online version of JMM (again with the exception indicated below); nor must they be mounted on a server for the purpose of commercial sale or systematic external distribution by a third party (e.g. via an e-print server).
Details of the policy of the SGM towards depositing accepted manuscripts in PubMed Central and other repositories can be found here.
Authors who pay for immediate open access through our Open Option scheme may deposit the published PDF file of their paper in PubMed Central (or other repositories) at the time of publication with no delay to public access, in addition to their paper being freely available to all without a subscription immediately on online publication.
Page charges and offprints. There are no page charges. Authors receive 25 offprints free; further copies may be purchased in multiples of 25.
Proof corrections. Papers should be written to the highest standard before submission: the proof stage must not be regarded as an opportunity to correct careless errors. Excessive correction of factual or careless mistakes on proofs may be charged to the authors.
Editorial handling of papers. Submitted papers are sent by the Editorial Office to an Editor, and are normally evaluated by at least two experts in the field as well as by the Editor. The use of referees suggested by authors is at the discretion of the Editor. In determining suitability for publication, the following considerations, among others, are taken into account. (i) Is the paper within the scope of the JMM? (ii) Are the title and the summary brief and to the point? (iii) Is the scientific content sufficiently high? (iv) Is the text written in a concise and lucid manner, and is it arranged according to these Instructions? (v) Is the textual matter placed in the proper sections? (vi) Is the Methods section complete and accurate? (vii) Are the tables necessary, and if so, are they easily understood? (viii) Are the figures necessary, and if so, are they of high quality? (ix) Are the conclusions valid?
Papers returned for revision that have not been resubmitted within 40 days of the author receiving the request for revision are treated as new submissions and given a new date of receipt.
Ethics of human and animal experimentation. Papers describing any experimental work with humans should include a statement that the Ethical Committee of the institution in which the work was done has approved it, and that the subjects gave informed consent to the work.
Experiments with animals should be done in accordance with the legal requirements of the relevant local or national authority. Procedures should be such that experimental animals do not suffer unnecessarily. Papers should include details of the procedures and of anaesthetics used.
The Editors will not accept papers where the ethical aspects are, in their opinion, open to doubt.
Supplementary data. Authors have the facility to attach supplementary data files (e.g. extensive tables of taxonomic data, figures such as large phylogenetic trees, sequence alignments, colour pictures, movies, etc.) to their paper in JMM Online. Click here to browse the supplementary data in JMM Online. This material must be submitted at the same time as the main paper and should be clearly identified; it should significantly enhance the paper. The Editors may insist that figures or tables that the author has included within a paper should be converted into supplementary data.
Supplementary data are, and will continue to be, freely available to all readers regardless of whether they have a subscription to JMM Online. It is the SGM's policy to maintain the online journals and the supplementary data therein in perpetuity.
The text of the paper should normally contain a reference to the supplementary material, along the lines of 'A sequence alignment is available as supplementary data in JMM Online'.
A short text description should be supplied for each supplementary data item. This can be just a heading, or a more detailed explanation, as appropriate.
File types and formatting for supplementary data. Almost any file type can be used for supplementary data. The file type(s) should be indicated by the author on submission. Authors should try to avoid files that require unusual software, because these will be of limited use to readers. Very large files (more than about 2 Mb) should also be avoided where possible because they can be slow to download.
Sequence data should preferably be submitted as output from the alignment program, i.e. plain text.
Line figures should preferably be supplied as GIFs (.gif), and photographs as JPEGs (.jpg), because these are easy to download.
Cover illustrations. The Editors welcome the submission of striking pictures, preferably in colour, for possible use on the front cover, and will pay £75 towards expenses for each one used. Pictures need not be linked to a paper in the journal.
Submission of papers in electronic form. Accepted manuscripts (including tables) of all types are copy-edited as word-processor files, so authors must provide their paper in this form on acceptance. The electronic version of the paper must exactly match the final, accepted version of the paper.
All computer files and disks sent to the Editorial Office must be scanned with up-to-date antivirus software.
Papers must be written in clear and concise English, normally in the past tense, and should normally comprise: (a) Title page; (b) Summary; (c) Introduction; (d) Methods; (e) Results and Discussion; (f) Acknowledgements, if any; (g) References. Figures and tables must only be used to illustrate essential data that cannot easily be described in the text.
Short communications are no longer be published, but there is in principle no lower limit on the length of papers, provided that they are of an appropriate scientific standard.
Style and layout. Authors should consult a recent (2003–on) issue for guidance on the layout of headings, tables, etc. More detailed guidance on the presentation of individual sections is given below. This includes some hints on how to improve the impact of a paper by appropriate presentation.
Title page. This should carry the following information.
Summary. This section is likely to be read by more people than the full paper, and many abstracting services use authors' summaries without modification. It is therefore important that this section is clear and comprehensible in its own right. References should not be cited, and any non-standard abbreviations used must be defined.
Introduction. This section should be very brief (approx. 350 words), should state the objectives of the work, and must not contain a detailed summary of the results.
Methods. This section should describe only important novel details, not standard methods; these can often be replaced by a statement such as 'standard methods were used' or by the appropriate reference. The suppliers of chemicals and equipment should be indicated only if this may affect the results. Suppliers' addresses should not be given unless this is considered essential for a particular reason.
Results and Discussion. This should be a single section (i.e. not split into a Results section and a Discussion section) There should be sufficient subheadings to make clear how the work was organized. In order to save space in the journal, the amount of repetition of data between the Results and Discussion section and the Tables must be kept to an absolute minimum.
Reproducibility. It should be stated how many times an experiment was repeated and whether means or representative results are shown. Variability should be indicated statistically wherever possible; when error terms are given, the measure of dispersion and the number of observations should be stated. Statistical techniques used must be specified, and where necessary they should be described fully or a reference given. If results are expressed as percentages, the absolute value corresponding to 100% should be stated.
Presentation of strain data. Present the characteristics of each strain in the text if practical or in a strain table if the list is complex. Only differential data should appear in Tables. Obviously, with very large numbers of strains, it may not be practical to provide individual strain data (see Supplementary data); instead, cite the percentage of strains that gave a positive or negative result for each character determined.
References. All papers submitted must use the name–year system.
References in the text should be cited as follows: two authors, Smith & Jones (2002) or (Smith & Jones, 2002); three or more authors, Smith et al. (2002) or (Smith et al., 2002). References to papers by the same author(s) in the same year should be distinguished in the text and the reference list by the letters a, b, etc. (e.g. 2002a or 2002a, b).
References in the list must be given in alphabetical order, except for papers with three or more authors, which should be listed in chronological order after any other papers by the first author. References must include the title of the paper as well as both initial and final page numbers. Titles of journals should be abbreviated according to the system used by MEDLINE (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed/). No stops should be used after abbreviated words.
Reference Manager Software. Authors who use EndNote or Reference Manager can download style files for JMM by clicking on the links below:
EndNote output style
Reference Manager output style
References to books should include year of publication, title (in full), edition, editor(s) (if any), town of publication and publisher, in that order. When the reference is to a particular part of a book, the inclusive page numbers and, if appropriate, chapter title, must be given. Examples of journal and book references are given in the At-a-glance style guide. Please pay particular attention to the style of book citations, especially the order of the editors' surnames and initials.
A lot of time in the Editorial Office is spent checking references – whether cited references are listed (and vice versa), spelling of authors names, year of publication, journal title, etc. It is the authors' responsibility to ensure the accuracy of this information, which is becoming increasingly important with the advent of interjournal linking via the Internet.
Only papers accepted for publication but not yet published may be cited as ‘in press’ in the reference list and must be accompanied by the title of the paper and the name of the journal. Relevant papers cited as ‘in press’ should be included as additional files with the online submission.
References to papers not yet accepted should be cited in the text as unpublished results, giving the surname(s) and initials of all of the author(s). Such papers should not appear in the list of references.
References to personal communications, web sites, sequence databases, suppliers' catalogues, etc., should not appear in the list.
Tables. These should be broadly comprehensible without reference to the text, but repetition of methods descriptions should be avoided.
Footnote symbols should not be used in table headings. If a footnote symbol is attached to a heading, the footnote should probably be converted to a legend (see below).
It is not obligatory to have a legend, but general information that applies to the whole table (experimental conditions, methods of data analysis, etc.) should be given in this form. Symbols that apply to the whole table (such as +, –, v) should normally be defined in the legend.
The symbols * † ‡ § ¦ ¶ # should be used for footnotes, rather than superscript letters or numbers.
When results are expressed as percentages, the absolute value(s) corresponding to 100% must be stated. Statements of reproducibility should be included (see Reproducibility of results).
Figures. These must be selected to illustrate specific points. They should not be used to present results that can be described by a brief statement in the text. The legend(s) should be on a separate sheet to the figure(s). The points outlined above for tables regarding comprehensibility, relative values and reproducibility also apply to figures and their legends.
Lettering and size of figures. Lettering should be in a sans-serif font such as Gill, Helvetica or Frutiger, except in the case of sequence data where a non-proportional font such as Courier may be used. Figures should be designed so that there is a minimal amount of blank space in the journal following reduction of the whole figure to 84, 105 or 176 mm wide: figures will be reduced in size as much as possible, and normally to 84 mm. The size of the lettering should be such that it can withstand this reduction. The maximum printed size for a figure, including the legend, is 176 mm wide x 235 mm high.
Figures are classified here under the headings line drawings, bar diagrams, sequence data, photographs, digitally generated images and colour photographs.
Line drawings. These should be of a quality suitable for direct reproduction and approximately twice the size that they will appear. Line thicknesses and symbol sizes should be sufficient to allow for reduction (normally about 0.4 mm and 2–3 mm, respectively). The preferred symbols for graphs are 
, 
,
, 
, 
, 
, 
, 
. Where possible, the same symbol should be used for the same quantity in different figures.
Tints (i.e. shading made up of fine dots) should not be used in line drawings, because they do not reproduce clearly when printed in the journal. Solid black/white or broad hatching is better.
Bar diagrams. Simple bar diagrams reporting only a few values are normally unnecessary; the data should instead be given in the text. It is editorial policy not to publish bar diagrams with ‘three-dimensional’ bars unless there is a specific justification for their use. Tints should not be used as shading for bars (see above).
Sequence data.The journal will not normally publish such data. The results of nucleic acid and protein sequence analyses should be presented concisely with little or no redundancy. For partial sequences, the number of bases determined and regions sequenced should be specified. For phylogenetic analyses, the number of positions, portion of the sequence analysed, and taxa should be specified. Figures showing full gene sequences are not published (see section below for guidelines).
If included, figures representing nucleotide or amino acid sequences should be in high-quality camera-ready form, with numbering of nucleotides or amino acid residues at appropriate intervals. Tints should not be used to highlight parts of sequences. For adequate legibility, the height of the characters should be not less than 1.5–2 mm (or 6–8 point). For printing at full page width with this size of type, a layout with 80–100 nucleotides per line is appropriate (or 60–70 if there are spaces between the codons). For a single-column layout, 50–60 nucleotides per line is about right. The spacing between the lines of sequence should be as close as is consistent with clarity. Note that sequence data must be submitted to on of the sequence databases (see section below).
Photographs. These should be well-contrasted and approximately final size. For micrographs, magnification should be shown by a bar marker.
Digitally generated images. Authors' printed output from digitally generated halftone images often reproduces poorly in the journal. The ‘screening’ process used by the journal's printers to produce halftone illustrations converts the image into a pattern of dots. When this process is applied to an image that already consists of dots, as for scans, the two dot patterns often interfere and produce unacceptable results.
To avoid these problems, authors of accepted papers are advised to supply their digital halftones as TIFF or EPS files. The resolution should be at least 300 d.p.i.
Colour photographs. These are published, at the discretion of the Editors, only if they are essential for an understanding of the work described. The printers can produce black-and-white photographs from colour images if necessary, but this is not recommended. Colour versions of black-and-white photographs may be attached as supplementary data to the published paper in JMM Online.
For the best reproduction of colour images, original photographic prints or transparencies should be supplied. Photographic prints should not be rephotographed to include labelling or to combine a set of prints into a composite figure, because this causes loss of definition. If digital colour images are supplied, the following points should be observed.
Only papers submitted online using the Bench>Press system (http://submit-jmm.sgmjournals.org) and that are consistent with the journal's submission instructions will be considered for publication; all papers are subject to peer review. One full printed page comprises approximately 900 words of normal text, or an average of 500 words when tables and figures are taken into account.
Editorials. Editorials should be brief summaries (limit of 4 printed pages including references) of developments in fast-moving and topical areas of wide interest. They may address any subject within the scope of the JMM but the subject should not be excessively narrow or specialized; they are usually solicited but may be proffered by authors responding to a recognized need.
Reviews. Reviews should be brief overviews (limit of 6 printed pages excluding references) of recent work in areas of current interest and active research, and must include a Summary section. They must be based on published research articles; they may be solicited or proffered by authors responding to a recognized need.
Case Reports. Case Reports are brief papers describing interesting and novel diagnoses, investigations and/or treatment of infectious diseases in humans or animals. They should not merely describe observations made but rather should include novel insights, explanations of mechanisms, interpretations or other aspects conveying intellectual or academic originality. Case Reports must have a Summary section, are limited to 4 printed pages including references, and may include a maximum of 2 figures and 2 tables.
Correspondence. The Correspondence section is where readers of JMM can communicate their personal observations and opinions, useful methodologies, new theories or alternative interpretations of others' work. Only articles of a high level of interest to a wide range of readers of JMM will be considered. Reports of outbreaks should be dealt with as Case Reports. Correspondence items should be no more than 2 printed pages including references, with a maximum of 1 table or figure.
Only those names of bacteria that were included in the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names (amended edition) (edited by V. B. D. Skerman, V. McGowan & P. H. A. Sneath) and the Index of the Bacterial and Yeast Nomenclatural Changes Published in the International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology since the 1980 Approved Lists of Bacterial Names (1 January 1980–1 January 1989) (edited by W. E. C. Moore & L. V. H. Moore), both published by the American Society for Microbiology in 1989, and those that have been validly published in the IJSB/IJSEM since 1 January 1989 have standing in nomenclature. Non-valid names must be enclosed in quotation marks and an appropriate statement concerning the nomenclatural status of the name should be made in the text (for an example, see Int J Syst Bacteriol 30, 547–556, 1980).
Internet resources. A List of Bacterial Names with Standing in Nomenclature is updated by J. Euzéby shortly after the publication of each issue of the IJSEM. Bacterial Nomenclature Up-to-Date, a DSMZ resource, is also very useful.
Please check all names, even common ones, before submission and during revision.
The following may also be useful:
Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology.Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. Vol. 1 (1984), edited by N. R. Krieg & J. G. Holt; vol. 2 (1986), edited by P. H. A. Sneath, N. S. Mair, M. E. Sharpe & J. G. Holt; vol. 3 (1989), edited by J. T. Staley, M. P. Bryant, N. Pfennig & J. G. Holt; vol. 4 (1989), edited by S. T. Williams, M. E. Sharpe & J. G. Holt. Volume 1 of the second edition (2001), covering the Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria (edited by D. R. Boone, R. W. Castenholz & G. M. Garrity), and Volume 2 (2005), covering the Proteobacteria in three parts (edited by D. J. Brenner, N. R. Krieg, J. T. Staley & G. M. Garrity), have now been published by Springer.
Although names of genera and higher categories may stand alone to refer to the taxa with which they are associated, specific and subspecific epithets may not. A generic name followed by a specific epithet should be spelled out the first time it is used in the text; subsequently, it may be abbreviated to its capitalized initial letter if the context makes the meaning clear. If there are several generic names in the text with the same initial letter, the names should be spelled out at each occurrence.
Vernacular names. Generic names are singular Latin nouns and do not take a plural verb. Authors should avoid the use of a generic name alone when the reference is to the members of the genus. Thus, ‘The strains (species or cultures) of Salmonella are…’ not ‘the Salmonella are…’. The latter implies more than one generic name Salmonella.
Many micro-organisms are known by their vernacular (common) names as well as by their scientific names. The vernacular name for an organism may vary from language to language or from place to place, even within the same country. There are no rules governing the use of vernacular names.
It is often convenient to use vernacular names coined from the generic names. In these forms, the initial capital letters are dropped and italics are not used. For plural forms of vernacular names, Latin or other plural endings are used, depending primarily on euphony. Thus, the vernacular singular for a member of the genus Spirillum is spirillum, and the plural generally used in the English language is spirilla (Latin plural), not spirillums (English plural). Occasionally, more than one common name arises from a generic name, such as treponema (plural treponemata or treponemas) and treponeme (plural treponemes) from Treponema.
Use only correct names of taxa. Although an organism may have a number of correct names, depending on its taxonomic placement, use one particular name consistently; if there are objections to its use, cite this name as a synonym. Taxa above the rank of genus must be written in roman. In all taxonomic matters, such as those exemplified for the bacteria, the relevant Code of nomenclature should be followed. For yeasts, authors should use the nomenclature employed in The Yeasts: a Taxonomic Study, 4th edn (1998) (Edited by C. P. Kurtzman & J. W. Fell. Amsterdam: Elsevier), and in Yeasts: Characteristics and Identification, 3rd edn (2000) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). If an author disagrees with this nomenclature, the first use of a scientific name in the text and in the Summary should be followed by the name, in parentheses, as given in The Yeasts.
Names should follow the standard nomenclature set out by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses [Virus Taxonomy: Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses. Seventh Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2000). Edited by M. H. V. Van Regenmortel, C. M. Fauquet, D. H. L. Bishop, E. B. Carstens, M. K. Estes, S. M. Lemon, D. J. McGeoch, J. Maniloff, M. A. Mayo, C. R. Pringle & R. B. Wickner. San Diego: Academic Press]. This volume also includes the standard abbreviations for viruses. Where appropriate a precise strain designation should be included.
Formal taxonomic nomenclature. In formal taxonomic usage, the first letters of virus order, family, subfamily, genus and species names are capitalized and the terms are printed in italics. Other words in the species name are not capitalized unless they are proper nouns or parts of proper nouns. Examples of correct spelling and typographical style for the corresponding taxonomic entities are Tobacco mosaic virus, Poliovirus and Murray River encephalitis virus (River is a proper noun).
Italics and capital letters need to be used only if the species name refers to a taxonomic category. Taxonomic names are not appropriate when referring to physical entities such as virions. Here, names are written in lower-case roman type. This corresponds to informal vernacular usage and is appropriate, for instance, when picornaviruses (not italicized) or poliovirus particles are being centrifuged or are visualized in a microscope. This also applies when the names are used in adjectival form, for instance tobacco mosaic virus polymerase.
The use of italics when referring to the name of a species as a taxonomic entity will clearly signal that it has the status of an officially recognized species. When the taxonomic status of a new putative species is uncertain or its positioning within an established genus has not been clarified, it will be considered a 'tentative' species and its name will not be given in italics, although its initial letter will be capitalized.
In formal taxonomic usage, the name of the taxon precedes the term for the taxonomic unit (e.g. 'the family Paramyxoviridae', 'the genus Morbillivirus'). The following are examples of taxonomic terminology: family Picornaviridae, genus Enterovirus, Poliovirus 1; family Bunyaviridae, genus Tospovirus, Tomato spotted wilt virus.
Vernacular virus nomenclature. In informal vernacular usage, virus order, family, subfamily, genus and species names are written in lower-case roman type; they are not capitalized, printed in italics or underlined. In informal usage, the name of the taxon should not include the formal suffix, and the name should follow the term for the taxonomic unit (e.g. the picornavirus family, the enterovirus genus). The use of vernacular terms should not lead to unnecessary ambiguity or loss of precision in virus identification. In particular, care must be taken over the hierarchical level being cited: thus the vernacular name 'paramyxovirus' might refer to the family Paramyxoviridae, the genus Paramyxovirus, or one of the species in that genus. The solution is to avoid 'jumping' hierarchical levels and to add taxon identification whenever needed.
In the absence of a detailed discussion of specific structural features, the nucleotide sequence or proposed secondary structure should not be presented. Such papers should be accompanied by substantial additional experimentation to characterize the gene(s) and products(s) concerned, and by substantial computer analysis. JMM will not normally publish DNA sequences from double-stranded genomes unless both strands have been sequenced independently.
JMM will not publish figures whose principal function is to present primary sequence data, since the data can be accessed through the databases. To merit publication, sequence figures must be justified by the additional annotation they present; they should normally be limited to regions of particular interest. Sequence alignments of nucleic acids and proteins may be presented using the supplementary data facility in JMM Online. To assist the reviewers, authors must supply an electronic copy of the complete sequence covered by their paper as an additional file with their online submission if it is not available from a public database. If available via a database the authors must clearly indicate which database and ensure that it is available at the time of review. It is the authors' responsibility to ensure the accuracy of this information, which is becoming increasingly important with the advent of inter-resource linking via the Internet.
Papers reporting new sequence data will not be published unless the sequence has an accession number from one of the public databases (GenBank, EMBL, DDBJ or PIR).
Submitted manuscripts containing sequence data should include, on the title page, the footnote ‘The GenBank[/EMBL/DDBJ] accession number for the [16S rRNA/rDNA/gyrA, etc.] sequence of XXXXX is XX00000’.
Chemical and biochemical. Authors should follow the recommendations of IUPAC for chemical nomenclature, and those of the Nomenclature Committee of IUBMB and the IUPAC–IUBMB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature for biochemical nomenclature . A summary of nomenclatural recommendations, with references, is given in the Biochem J Instructions to Authors. The recommendations are given in full in Compendium of Biochemical Nomenclature and Related Documents, 2nd edn (1992), London: Portland Press.
Genetic. The following proposals should be adhered to wherever possible. Bacteria: Demerec, M. et al. (1966) Genetics54, 61–76 [also J Gen Microbiol (1968), 50, 1–14]. Plasmids: Novick, R. P. et al. (1976) Bacteriol Rev40, 168–189. Yeasts: Sherman, F. (1981) In The Molecular Biology of the Yeast Saccharomyces. I. Life Cycle and Inheritance, pp. 639–640 (edited by J. N. Strathern et al. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory). Aspergillus nidulans: Clutterbuck, A. J. (1973) Genet Res21, 291–296. Neurospora crassa: Neurospora Newsl (1978), 25, 29.
Enzyme. The system published in Enzyme Nomenclature (1992), London & New York: Academic Press, and its supplements is used. Enzyme Commission numbers should be given where appropriate.
Quantities, units and symbols. The recommended SI units should be used. For guidance, see Quantities, Units and Symbols, published by the Royal Society, 6 Carlton House Terrace, London SW1Y 5AG, UK, and Units, Symbols and Abbreviations, published by the Royal Society of Medicine, 1 Wimpole Street, London W1G 0AE, UK.
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