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1 Fukuyama Medical Laboratory Co. Ltd, 1-23-21 Kusado-cho, Fukuyama-shi, Hiroshima 720-8510, Japan
2 CREST of JST (Japan Science and Technology Corporation), 4-1-8 Hon-cho, Kawaguchi-shi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
3 Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Bioscience and Environment, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, 562 Nanatsuka-cho, Shobara-shi, Hiroshima 727-0023, Japan
4 Research Center for Applied Medical Engineering, Oita University, 700 Tannohara, Oita-shi, Oita 870-1192, Japan
5 Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi, Oita 879-5593, Japan
Correspondence
Taizo Uda
uda{at}pu-hiroshima.ac.jp
Received 10 November 2006
Accepted 25 January 2007
Abbreviations: GST, glutathione S-transferase; HE, haematoxylin-eosin; pAb, polyclonal antibody.
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INTRODUCTION |
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 TOP INTRODUCTION METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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Treatment of patients presenting with peptic ulcer disease consists of acid suppression and antimicrobial therapy. Although current treatments are effective, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains (Malfertheiner, 1993) and the high cost of therapy are significant problems (Takashima et al., 1988). Recently, many studies of vaccines against H. pylori have been reported (Corthesy-Theulaz et al., 1995; Goto et al., 1999; Raghavan et al., 2002). Urease is one of the antigens most commonly studied as a vaccine candidate (Pappo et al., 1995).
The urease of H. pylori (Hu & Mobley, 1990) is a high molecular mass (530 kDa) multimeric enzyme composed of two distinct subunits, 
(26.5 kDa) and ß (61.7 kDa). It is different from most other microbial ureases (Jabri et al., 1995; Benini et al., 1999), which contain three different subunits, and from the jack bean urease, which is a single polypeptide (Takashima et al., 1988). The H. pylori urease localizes in both the cytoplasm and on the surface of H. pylori, and is required to counteract acidity during colonization in the stomach (Hawtin et al., 1990). The structure of the H. pylori enzyme has been determined already by Ha et al. (2001). The active site resides on the ß-subunit and contains a bi-nickel centre near the active site. According to a structural analysis of the urease, the important amino acid residues are Cys321, His322 and His323, which are implicated in catalysis and substrate binding (Martin & Hausinger, 1992). Furthermore, His248, His274 and Lys219 are determined as the positions of the nickel ligands (Park & Hausinger, 1993). These residues are conserved among the ureases of various bacteria (Jabri et al., 1995; Benini et al., 1999) and plants (Takishima et al., 1988). A characteristic flap, which forms a helix–turn–helix motif, is present at the entrance to the active site cavity (Ha et al., 2001). The amino acid sequence of the flap is strictly conserved in H. pylori and ‘Klebsiella aerogenes’, whose sequence corresponds to aa 313–336 of H. pylori urease. The contribution of the flap to the catalytic activity is supported by the drastic reduction in the activity of ‘K. aerogenes’ urease with a mutation of His322 (Park & Hausinger, 1993).
Based on these analyses, we determined a 138 stretch (aa 201–338) that is functionally important for urease activity. This region corresponds to the sequence between aa 472 and aa 609 of jack bean urease, which includes crucial amino acid residues such as cysteine and histidine that interact with the nickel ions. Similarly, many histidine residues are concentrated in the sequence between aa 201 and 338 of ß-subunit of H. pylori urease. The homology for this region is 63 % with jack bean urease.
Based on these facts, in this study, we examined the characteristics of the ureB138 protein. Furthermore, its function as a vaccine was investigated from the perspectives of immunochemistry and histochemistry using mice infected with H. pylori.
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METHODS |
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TOPINTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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To construct a plasmid for the expression of recombinant ureB138 fused with the glutathione S-transferase (GST) protein, the PCR-amplified DNA fragment was ligated to the expression vector, pGEX-6P-1 (Pharmacia), which includes the sequence of the PreScission protease (Amersham Biosciences) cleavage site. E. coli BL21 was transformed with the construct and the recombinant ureB138 protein induced by addition of a final concentration of 1 mM IPTG. The cultured cells were harvested by centrifugation, washed in PBS and lysed by sonication. The supernatant was directly applied to a GSTPrep FF column (Amersham Biosciences). To remove the GST tag, PreScission protease was added to the column and incubated at 5 °C for 20 h. The flow-through containing the ureB138 protein, which had been cleaved from the GST moiety, was collected. Both the protease and the GST moiety retained by the column were eluted with 10 mM reduced glutathione. Additionally, the ureB138 fractions were purified by size-exclusion chromatography with a Superdex75 column (Pharmacia). The purity of recombinant ureB138 was confirmed by 15 % SDS-PAGE.
Production of polyclonal antibodies (pAbs). For obtaining pAbs, such as anti-ureB138 pAb, anti-H. pylori urease pAb and anti-human copper–zinc superoxide dismutase pAb (as a negative control; Sugino et al., 1996; Suzuki et al., 1999), rabbits were immunized subcutaneously by each antigen with Freund’s adjuvant three times at 2 week intervals, and blood samples were taken from a vein. The resultant pAbs were purified using affinity chromatography (Sepharose 4B coupled with H. pylori urease).
Inhibition assay of H. pylori urease activity by antibodies. In order to investigate the inhibitory effect of pAbs on the enzymic activity of H. pylori urease, the urease (1 µg in 50 µl 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 6.5) was mixed with each purified pAb described above in 96-well microtitre plates. The mixture was then incubated for 90 min at room temperature (pre-incubation). Another mAb (HpU-2) for H. pylori urease (Ikeda et al., 1998) was employed as a positive control. After the pre-incubation, 100 µl of the above reaction solution was mixed with 100 µl 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.5) containing 100 mM urea and 0.005 % phenol red. Using a microplate reader (Molecular Devices), the time-course of the colour development was monitored by its absorbance at 550 nm at 30 min intervals for 4 h at room temperature. Then, the rate of inhibition ( %) was calculated by using the absorbance value at 135 min.
Bacterial strain and growth conditions. The Sydney strain (SS1) of H. pylori was grown on a Brucella agar plate containing 7 % fetal bovine serum (Gibco-BRL Life Technologies) for 4 days at 37 °C under a microaerophilic atmosphere (5 % O2, 10 % CO2, 85 % N2). A colony was suspended into 8 ml Brucella broth (Becton Dickinson) and cultured for 7 h under the same conditions.
Schedule of immunization of recombinant ureB138 into mice and challenge of H. pylori. Specific-pathogen-free 5-week-old female C57BL/6 mice were purchased from Shimizu Laboratory Supplies. The mice were housed in a specific-pathogen-free environment and were provided with free access to food and water.
The mice were divided into three groups: group 1, immunized with 100 µg per dose of ureB138 (n=13); group 2, immunized with 100 µg per dose of BSA (n=13); group 3, not immunized (n=8). Each antigen (2 mg ml–1) was emulsified with Freund’s complete adjuvant (Wako Pure Chemical). The emulsion was subcutaneously injected into each mouse at a total volume of 100 µl per animal. The mice were given boosters in the same manner, except that Freund’s complete adjuvant was changed to Freund’s incomplete adjuvant (Wako Pure Chemical). The immunization (vaccination) was repeated at weekly intervals for 3 weeks. One week after the last vaccination, a blood sample was collected from each animal to monitor the immune response and stored at –80 °C until use. One week after the last vaccination, all mice were challenged two times with 0.5 ml live H. pylori (1x108 c.f.u. ml–1).
Titre of the antibody in serum. Blood was obtained from mice at 1 week after the final vaccination, and whole IgG and IgA titres were determined by ELISA. Briefly, microtitre plates (Nunc) were coated with 50 µl antigen [purified urease (>95 %) from H. pylori, 250 ng per well] in PBS overnight at 4 °C. Plates were blocked for 30 min at room temperature with 5 % skimmed milk in PBS, and washed with PBS containing 0.05 % Tween 20. The sera were diluted to 100-fold with the addition of PBS containing 1 % BSA to the wells and incubated for 1 h at room temperature. After a wash step, the wells were incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated rabbit anti-mouse IgG (Vector Laboratories) or IgA (Kirkegaard & Perry Laboratories) antibodies for 1 h. After further washing, a solution containing o-phenylenediamine was added as a substrate for colour development. After 15 min incubation, absorbance was measured at 490 nm by a microplate reader (Molecular Devices). Each sample was tested in duplicate.
H. pylori colony count. At 6 weeks after the second challenge, all mice were sacrificed and the stomachs isolated. Each stomach was cut longitudinally into two pieces. One half was homogenized in 500 µl Brucella broth using a glass homogenizer (Iwaki Glass). Fifty microlitres of gastric homogenate was serially diluted with Brucella broth and inoculated onto Helicobacter-selective agar plates (Nissui Pharmaceutical) at 37 °C for 4 days under microaerobic conditions. Colonies were counted and expressed as c.f.u. (g stomach tissue)–1.
Histological evaluation. The remaining half of each stomach was fixed with 10 % formalin and embedded in paraffin. Sections (2 µm thick) were stained with haematoxylin-eosin (HE).
Immunohistochemical staining with IgA antibody. The stomach sections were deparaffinized in xylene, dehydrated in graded ethanol and then endogenous peroxidase activity was blocked by 3 % H2O2. They were preincubated with normal goat serum for 10 min at room temperature and stained with rabbit anti-mouse IgA antibody (Zymed Laboratories) (1 µg ml–1) in PBS for 60 min. After being washed three times with PBS for 3 min each, the slides were incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L) (Zymed Laboratories) in 1 % BSA/PBS for 60 min at room temperature and washed with PBS. Staining was performed using a DAB (3,3'-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride; Dojindo Laboratories) substrate kit (Nichirei) and the nuclei were counterstained with haematoxylin.
Statistical analysis. H. pylori colony counts were analysed and compared by t-test. P values of <0.05 were considered as a significant difference.
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RESULTS |
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TOPINTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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), as it possesses the conserved sequence of the urease, but did not react with BSA. Immunohistochemical staining by the pAb using the specimen of human gastric tissues infected with H. pylori was also performed. The results demonstrated that the pAb could specifically bind with H. pylori urease (Fig. 1b, c).
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, the ureB138 specific pAb inhibited H. pylori urease activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Concentrations of 25 and 5 µg ureB138 pAb could suppress the activity by about 49 % and 38 %, respectively. In contrast, the pAb for H. pylori urease did not inhibit the urease activity at all, which was similar to the results reported up to now (Fujii et al., 2004).
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, in which ELISAs were performed with H. pylori urease. In the case of IgG, when mice were immunized with ureB138, the titre became much higher than for BSA. In the case of IgA induced by immunization with ureB138, the values of the titre scattered to some extent. In this case, the titres were low compared with IgG.
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, a mean bacterial value of 16 (±9.6)x106 c.f.u. (g stomach tissue)–1 was recovered for the non-vaccinated mice. For the BSA-immunized mice, the value was 9.9 (±4.2)x106 c.f.u. (g stomach tissue)–1. In contrast, the value for the ureB138-vaccinated mice was 4.7 (±4.0)x106 c.f.u. (g stomach tissue)–1, demonstrating a significant reduction in the number of colonies compared to the non-vaccinated mice (P<0.05). In the case of ureB138- and BSA-vaccinated mice, there was a partial overlap, but a difference was still apparent.
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. For ureB138-vaccinated mice, the grade of gastritis was more severe than that for BSA. In particular, the gastritis score in protected mice was significantly higher than that in unprotected mice (Fig. 6). Infiltration of numerous neutrophils, plasma cells and mononuclear cells was observed in the stomach of the protected (ureB138-vaccinated) mice. Fig. 7 shows that the degree of gastritis had a tendency to increase in the stomach of the ureB138-vaccinated mice, which demonstrated a marked reduction of bacterial colonization. (The data points became fewer, especially for non-vaccinated samples, because some samples failed to make formalin-fixed tissues.)
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DISCUSSION |
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TOPINTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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The 138 amino acids extracted in this study, termed as ureB138, were expressed as a fused protein with GST in E. coli. As previously reported, we produced mAbs against ureB138 (Fujii et al. 2004). In the experiment, 11 out of 17 mAbs obtained suppressed the urease activity of H. pylori, indicating that the proportion of the obtained mAbs capable of inhibiting the activity was approaching 70 %. Furthermore, the pAb generated by immunization with recombinant ureB138 protein could inhibit the enzymic activity of H. pylori urease. On the other hand, pAb obtained by immunization with urease did not show the inhibitory effect at all. Thus the ureB138 antigen has a characteristic feature able to induce unique antibodies capable of suppressing the urease activity.
H. pylori produces highly active urease, which enzymically catalyses the hydrolysis of urea to carbon dioxide and ammonia. H. pylori urease is found on the surface of the organism during spontaneous lyses of some of the bacteria (Phadnis et al., 1996). Up to 30 % of total urease is present on the surface of H. pylori in vivo (Dunn et al., 1997). However, as urease-negative mutants fail to colonize gastric tissue of nude mice (Tsuda et al., 1994), urease may represent an important target for the prevention of disease. The important region (138 aa residues of the ß-subunit of the H. pylori urease) was identified by comparison of urease sequences among several bacteria and by the analysis of the structure of H. pylori urease. Based on these analyses, the sequence of ureB138 was determined, and ureB138 was expressed as a new antigen for a vaccine candidate in E. coli in the form of a GST-fusion protein.
The inhibitory effect of the ureB138 pAb on the enzymic activity of H. pylori urease was investigated. An amount of 25 µg (125 µg ml–1) of purified ureB138 pAb could reduce the enzymic activity of H. pylori urease by 49 %. However, anti-H. pylori urease pAb did not neutralize the urease activity. Similar evidence has been reported by Nagata et al. (1992), in which the urease-specific pAb generated by immunization with purified whole H. pylori urease protein did not exhibit an inhibitory effect. It is believed that the pAb induced by the whole protein mainly recognizes parts of the antigen other than the active site. ureB138 corresponds to the region of the active site. Thus the anti-ureB138 pAb can recognize the active site of urease, and hence inhibit the enzymic activity of the urease.
Nolan et al. (2002) reported that the level of urease activity is an important factor in colonization. Hence, the inhibition of urease activity might be a key factor in determining the fitness of H. pylori for colonization. The designed antigen, ureB138, can induce the antibodies inhibiting urease activity and recognizing H. pylori infecting human gastric mucosa. The concentration of immunoglobulin in human serum is about 20–30 mg ml–1; 125 µg ml–1 of ureB138 specific pAb corresponds to 1 % of the immunoglobulin. It is considered that a sufficient amount of the antibody capable of strongly suppressing urease activity can be induced by ureB138 immunization.
Various studies have proved that H. pylori urease can serve as a protective antigen in a vaccine (Corthesy-Theulaz et al., 1995; Goto et al., 1999; Raghavan et al., 2002). Hence, to investigate the effect of ureB138 vaccination against H. pylori infection using a mouse model, we subcutaneously treated mice with the antigens. At one week after the final vaccination, the ureB138 group produced serum IgG and IgA antibodies. We also observed an acute inflammatory cell infiltration in the corpus region 6 weeks after the H. pylori challenge. Goto et al. (1999) demonstrated that the development of a more severe inflammation might lead to protection. A number of investigators have reported that gastric inflammation occurs in immunized mice after an H. pylori challenge. This effect has been referred to as post-immunization gastritis, which might correlate with protection against H. pylori infection (Mohammadi et al., 1996). In our case, the degree of the gastritis showed a tendency to increase in the stomach of the ureB138-vaccinated mice, which demonstrated a marked reduction of bacteria colonization (Fig. 7
). It is considered that post-immunization gastritis occurs for protection other than that provided by the inhibitory effect of the antibody.
Goto et al. (1999) clarified the important role of IgA in the stomach against H. pylori colonization using a prophylactic vaccine. In the present study, we observed protection against H. pylori infection in ureB138-vaccinated mice, in which high levels of IgA were detected in gastric mucosa in 8 out of 13 mice. This IgA is not necessarily specific for ureB138. However, it was not detected when BSA was immunized, though both mice (ureB138- and BSA-vaccination) were challenged with H. pylori. Therefore, the IgA was certainly generated by the immunization with ureB138. Furthermore, the IgA in the serum (Fig. 3) increased in the case of the immunization with ureB138 but not BSA. From these facts, we conclude that the IgA may be specific for ureB138.
At present, it is not clear how the antibody causes the inhibitory effect for urease activity against infection by H. pylori. However, it may contribute to a reduction of H. pylori survival to some extent. This mechanism must be clarified in the future. In conclusion, the current observations suggest that immunization of the recombinant protein ureB138 interfered with the establishment of infection with H. pylori.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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REFERENCES |
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This article has been cited by other articles:
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  K. Agarwal and S. Agarwal Helicobacter pylori Vaccine: From Past to Future Mayo Clin. Proc., February 1, 2008; 83(2): 169 - 175. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| INT J SYST EVOL MICROBIOL | J MED MICROBIOL | MICROBIOLOGY | J GEN VIROL | ALL SGM JOURNALS |
, H. pylori urease; 
, recombinant ureB138 protein; 
, Jack bean urease; 
, BSA. The pAb purified by affinity chromatography reacted with ureB138 protein, H. pylori urease and Jack bean urease but not with BSA. (b, c) Immunohistological staining with pAb. H. pylori-infected gastric biopsy specimens were used in this experiment: (b) Gimenez staining and (c) pAb staining. The pAb could bind to the H. pylori infecting human gastric tissues. The arrows show the stained H. pylori cells.
, 5 µg anti-ureB138pAb; 
, ureB138-vaccinated mice; 
, non-vaccinated mice.
