J Med Microbiol 55 (2006), 1425-1433; DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46466-0
© 2006 Society for General Microbiology
ISSN 1473-5644
Clonal analysis of Inquilinus limosus isolates from six cystic fibrosis patients and specific serum antibody response
Sabine Schmoldt1,
Philipp Latzin2,
Juergen Heesemann1,
Matthias Griese2,
Axel Imhof3 and
Michael Hogardt1
1 Max von Pettenkofer-Institute for Medical Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Pettenkoferstrasse 9a, 80336 Munich, Germany
2 Christiane-Herzog-Ambulanz, Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Lindwurmstrasse 4, 80337 Munich, Germany
3 Protein Analysis Unit, Adolf-Butenandt-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Schillerstrasse 44, 80336 Munich, Germany
Correspondence
Michael Hogardt
hogardt{at}m3401.mpk.med.uni-muenchen.de
Received 12 December 2005
Accepted 18 June 2006
Inquilinus limosus is a novel Gram-negative bacterium of the subdivision 
-Proteobacteria recently found in the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Here, the authors report on the clinical courses of six CF patients colonized with I. limosus. Five patients suffered from either an acute respiratory exacerbation or a progressive loss of pulmonary function, whereas one patient was in a stable clinical situation. This study focused on two aims: (i) the clonal analysis of I. limosus isolates by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR, and (ii) the clarification of whether the presence of I. limosus in the respiratory tract is associated with a specific serum antibody response. Serum IgG was detected by immunoblotting using I. limosus whole-cell-lysate proteins as antigens. Sera from healthy blood donors (n=10) and from CF patients colonized with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=10) were found to be immunoblot negative. All six Inquilinus-positive patients raised serum IgG antibodies against various I. limosus antigens. Surprisingly, in one patient, a specific I. limosus serum antibody response was already detected 1 year prior to Inquilinus-positive sputum cultures. Two prominent antigens were characterized by MALDI-MS: a 23 kDa protein revealed homology to the outer membrane lipoprotein OmlA of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, and an 18 kDa protein to a protein-tyrosine phosphatase of Burkholderia cepacia. In conclusion, detection of I. limosus is accompanied by a specific serum antibody response and may reflect the infectious/pathogenic potential of I. limosus. Moreover, IgG immunoblotting may be useful to detect early infection with I. limosus and may support the selective cultivation of this novel emerging pathogen.
Abbreviations: CF, cystic fibrosis; CRP, C-reactive protein; RAPD, random amplified polymorphic DNA; WCL, whole-cell lysate.
 |
INTRODUCTION
|
|---|
In the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the predominant respiratory pathogen, and contributes considerably to morbidity and mortality. Other commonly isolated bacteria are Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae and inherently multi-resistant organisms, such as members of the Burkholderia cepacia complex, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Achromobacter xylosoxidans. In addition, unusual non-fermenting Gram-negative rods, such as Ralstonia spp. and Pandoraea spp., have been increasingly recognized (Beringer & Appleman, 2000; Coenye et al., 2002b; Jorgensen et al., 2003; Wallet et al., 2002), and, as a consequence of difficulties in cultivation and identification, their true prevalence might even be higher (Burns et al., 1998; Gilligan, 1991; Rajan & Saiman, 2002). The genus Inquilinus was defined in 2002, when 51 unknown bacterial CF isolates were characterized by molecular methods. Seven isolates were classified into the novel genus Inquilinus and belonged to the species I. limosus (Coenye et al., 2002a). Already in 1999, an alpha-proteobacterium with no specific relative was isolated from a lung-transplanted CF patient during respiratory exacerbation and subsequently recognized as I. limosus (Coenye et al., 2002b; Pitulle et al., 1999). Recently, two groups have reported on a few cases of I. limosus among German and French CF patients (Chiron et al., 2005; Wellinghausen et al., 2005). From these eight published cases, four CF patients alone showed signs of acute respiratory exacerbation and/or spirometric deterioration. In six patients, I. limosus was detected in at least two follow-up specimens. Except for one French CF patient, all of them were chronically colonized with P. aeruginosa. Nevertheless, the pathogenic potential, the impact on respiratory function and the risk of patient-to-patient transmission of I. limosus are still unclear, and the environmental habitat of I. limosus is unknown.
In this study, we estimated the pathogenic potential of I. limosus, taking into account the clinical aspects of Inquilinus-positive CF patients. Since 2002, we have identified I. limosus from respiratory secretions of six different CF patients. I. limosus isolates from these six patients were genotyped using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR, and their protein profiles were compared by SDS-PAGE. For P. aeruginosa and B. cepacia, it had already been shown that high serum antibody titres correlate with signs of respiratory exacerbation (Fomsgaard et al., 1988; Hendry et al., 2000). Therefore, we investigated the host serum IgG response against I. limosus by immunoblotting. Here we report for the first time on a specific serum antibody response against I. limosus antigens.
|
METHODS
|
|---|
Bacterial strains and subjects.
I. limosus and P. aeruginosa isolates were recovered from sputa of four CF patients at the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich, Germany, from one CF patient at the Heinrich Heine University Hospital, Duesseldorf, Germany, and from one CF patient at the Friedrich-Schiller-University Hospital, Jena, Germany. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed for ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, tobramycin, meropenem, fosfomycin and polymyxin using the reference agar dilution method according to the recommendations of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (formerly National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards) (National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, 2000), and for cefepime, piperacillin-tazobactam, aztreonam, amikacin and gentamicin using the E-test method according to the manufacturer's recommendations (AB Biodisk).
RAPD-PCR and sequencing of 16S rDNA.
Isolates were cultured in tryptone soy broth (TSB) at 37 °C to stationary phase. Total genomic DNA was extracted from P. aeruginosa and I. limosus CF isolates and typed by RAPD-PCR analysis as described previously for P. aeruginosa (Mahenthiralingam et al., 1996) using primer 208 (5'-ACGGCCGACC-3'). Amplification of 489 bp 16S rDNAs was performed using universal primers FD1 (5'-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3') and 800r (5'-GAGTACCAGGGTATCTAATCC-3'). Subsequently, the amplicons were sequenced using primer 800r.
Protein preparation.
Isolates were cultured in TSB at 37 °C to stationary phase. Bacterial cells were harvested by centrifugation at 6800 g for 10 min at 4 °C. For preparation of bacterial whole-cell lysate (WCL) proteins, pellets were resuspended in 200 µl denaturing buffer containing 10 % (v/v) glycerol, 2.5 % (w/v) SDS, 5 % (v/v) 2-mercaptoethanol, 0.003 % (w/v) bromophenol blue and 50 mM Tris/HCl, pH 6.8, boiled for 5 min, and cleared by centrifugation (5 min at 21 000 g). Supernatant of 4 ml bacterial culture obtained by centrifugation (10 min at 6800 g) was precipitated by the addition of 10 % trichloracetic acid. After incubation on ice for 2 h, precipitated proteins were collected by centrifugation at 21 000 g for 30 min, washed with acetone, and resuspended in 20 µl denaturing buffer. Samples were heated at 100 °C for 10 min and centrifuged at 21 000 g for 10 min at 4 °C. The protein content of the samples was measured using the Bradford protein assay.
Pre-adsorption of sera.
Patient serum samples were pre-adsorbed with boiled whole cells of either P. aeruginosa or I. limosus (Rogol et al., 1983). Bacteria were grown at 37 °C overnight in TSB, adjusted to a density of 1x1010 cells ml–1 in PBS and boiled for 15 min. Patient sera were diluted 1 : 20 in PBS containing antigens from 109 cells ml–1 heat-inactivated P. aeruginosa or I. limosus, and incubated for 45 min at 37 °C with gentle shaking. Cells and formed immune complexes were separated from serum by centrifugation at 1700 g for 20 min.
Immunoblotting.
SDS-PAGE was performed using a 12 % SDS-polyacrylamide gel (Caballero et al., 2001). Bacterial WCL proteins (10 µg) were loaded, and after electrophoresis, the separated proteins were stained with Coomassie blue or electroblotted to nitrocellulose filters, as described by Towbin et al. (1992). The membrane was blocked for 1 h with 1 % BSA and washed three times for 5 min with PBS/Tween (0.5 %). Blotting membranes were incubated for 3 h with either patients or control sera, using dilutions of 1 : 200, 1 : 500 or 1 : 2000, washed three times, and incubated for 1 h with alkaline phosphatase-conjugated anti-human IgG, diluted 1 : 5000. After washing, the antibody-reacting bands were visualized using Sigma Fast 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate/nitro blue tetrazolium (BCIP/NBT) tablets (Sigma). The development was stopped after 1 min by washing the membranes in several changes of distilled water.
|
RESULTS
|
|---|
Case reports
All suspected I. limosus isolates in respiratory secretions from six CF patients (two male and four female) have been confirmed by 16S rDNA sequencing. Four of the patients were followed at the University Hospital, Munich, and two of them were treated at two other German CF centres. At the first isolation of I. limosus, their age ranged from 15 to 32 years (Table 1
). All six patients have been chronically colonized with P. aeruginosa for more than 2 years, and I. limosus has been detected in all patients in at least one follow-up specimen. Further data on the clinical status, antibiotic treatment and microbiological results are summarized in Table 1. In patients 1 and 6, I. limosus was initially misidentified as P. aeruginosa because of the very mucoid morphotype and a positive cytochrome oxidase reaction. Retrospectively, the stored isolates were rechecked by 16S rDNA sequencing and identified as I. limosus. Patients 1–4 showed signs of an acute respiratory exacerbation following the first I. limosus detection, whereas patient 6 showed a respiratory decline without signs of acute exacerbation. Patient 5 was in a stable clinical situation. In patient 3, retrospectively, we realized that I. limosus had been detected 1 year earlier by a different laboratory, but in only one of seven respiratory specimens and during a stable clinical situation (Wellinghausen et al., 2005). The greatest clinical deterioration was observed in patient 1 (Fig. 1). This 15-year-old girl, chronically colonized with two P. aeruginosa morphotypes (isolates PA1-1 and PA1-2) had been admitted to hospital due to an acute pulmonary exacerbation associated with new lower-lobe infiltrates of the left lung. A white blood cell count of 39 400 µl–1 as well as a C-reactive protein (CRP) level of 26.6 mg dl–1 indicated a significant systemic inflammatory response. Over 2 months, patient 1 was treated intravenously with different antibiotic regimens (see Table 1). I. limosus (isolate IL1-1) was first detected in a re-evaluation of her microbiological status 3 weeks after admission to hospital, due to lack of clinical response to anti-pseudomonal therapy with two different regimens and increasing CRP levels. The third antibiotic regimen finally led to clinical improvement and her discharge after 2 months of hospitalization. Subsequently, I. limosus was the only pathogen detected in her respiratory secretions over a period of 3 months with nine consecutive sputum samples. During antibiotic therapy with meropenem, tobramycin and ciprofloxacin, a meropenem-resistant I. limosus variant (isolate IL1-2) emerged. When, besides I. limosus, P. aeruginosa reoccurred in the patient's sputum 3 months later (isolate PA1-3), its RAPD-PCR banding pattern showed no differences to earlier P. aeruginosa isolates (PA1-1 and PA1-2), indicating their clonality (PA RAPD-PCR patterns are not shown). Despite ongoing intensive therapy, the girl died in May 2004 due to respiratory failure.
View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
|
Table 1. Clinical data of CF patients colonized with I. limosus
Abbreviations: p.o., oral; by inh., by inhalation; i.v., intravenous; IL, I. limosus; PA, P. aeruginosa; STM, S. maltophilia; CT, Comamonas testosteroni; SM, Serratia marcescens; SA, Staph. aureus; CA, Candida albicans; CFA, Candida famata; AF, Aspergillus fumigatus; AMK, amikacin; AZT, azithromycin; CAZ, ceftazidime; CXM, cefuroxime; LEX, cefalexine; CIP, ciprofloxacin; COL, colistin; FOF, fosfomycin; LVX, levofloxacin; MEM, meropenem; TEC, teicoplanin; TOB, tobramycin; VAN, vancomycin.
|
|
Microbiological results
The microbiological characteristics of I. limosus isolated from patient 1 (IL1-1, IL1-2), patient 2 (IL2), patient 3 (IL3), patient 4 (IL4), patient 5 (IL5) and patient 6 (IL6) were concordant with earlier-described I. limosus isolates, except for negative catalase production (Chiron et al., 2005; Coenye et al., 2002b; Pitulle et al., 1999; Wellinghausen et al., 2005). On routine culture media, all collected I. limosus isolates grew very slowly with non-pigmented colonies, and showed an extremely mucoid morphotype, which was also stable after 10 passages. 16S rDNA sequence analysis (400 bp) revealed 100 % homology with I. limosus (accession no. AY043373) (Coenye et al., 2002b). All I. limosus isolates were resistant to polymyxin B, fosfomycin and the tested ß-lactams, except for carbapenems. Only isolates IL1-2, IL2 and IL4 were additionally resistant to meropenem. In contrast to P. aeruginosa, all I. limosus isolates were resistant to tobramycin, but isolates IL1-1, IL1-2 and IL5 were susceptible to amikacin, and isolates IL1-1 and IL1-2 were susceptible to gentamicin.
RAPD-PCR analysis and protein profiles of P. aeruginosa and I. limosus isolates
RAPD-profiles of sequential I. limosus isolates IL1-1 and IL1-2 were identical. I. limosus isolates IL2, IL3, IL4, IL5 and IL6 showed different RAPD profiles, demonstrating that each patient was infected by a distinct strain (Fig. 2). Additionally, the I. limosus WCL protein patterns were compared by SDS-PAGE showing that all seven isolates can be distinguished reproducibly by their protein profile (Fig. 3a). Strikingly, the isogenic pair IL1-1 and IL1-2 showed slightly distinct protein profiles, suggesting two expression variants of one clone. The most prominent differences were found for the 23 kDa protein named P23 and the 18 kDa protein named P18.
View larger version (76K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
|
Fig. 2. RAPD-PCR analysis of I. limosus isolates IL1-1, IL1-2, IL2, IL3, IL4, IL5 and IL6. Numbers to the left show relative positions (in bp).
|
|
View larger version (49K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
|
Fig. 3. IgG immunoblots of WCL proteins of P. aeruginosa and I. limosus isolates from patient 1 incubated with sera from patient 1 and from negative controls. Lane 1, P. aeruginosa PA1-1, mucoid; lane 2, PA1-2, non-mucoid; lane 3, PA1-3, non-mucoid. PA1-3 was isolated after I. limosus infection. Lanes 4 and 5, I. limosus isolates with the different phenotypes IL1-1 and IL1-2, respectively. (a) Coomassie blue-stained SDS-PAGE. (b–d) Patient 1 serum 2 (from 12 December 2002; dilution 1 : 2000); (b) non-absorbed; (c) pre-absorbed with I. limosus (absIL); (d) pre-absorbed with P. aeruginosa (absPA). (e) Patient 1 serum 1 (from 22 August 2001; dilution 1 : 2000), pre-absorbed with P. aeruginosa (absPA). (f) Pooled control sera of Inquilinus-negative, Pseudomonas-positive patients (n=10; dilution 1 : 200). Numbers to the right show relative positions (in kDa). PA, P. aeruginosa; IL, I. limosus.
|
|
P. aeruginosa and I. limosus IgG-immunoblotting reactivity of sera from patient 1, with and without pre-adsorption
In a first approach, we analysed the IgG reactivity of sera from patient 1 against antigens of its autologous P. aeruginosa and I. limosus isolates. In Fig. 3(a)
, the Coomassie-stained protein patterns of WCL proteins of three sequential P. aeruginosa isolates and two sequential I. limosus isolates obtained from patient 1 are shown. Fig. 3(b–e) shows the corresponding IgG immunoblots developed with an early (serum 1) and a late serum (serum 2, 1 year later). Serum 2 reacted strongly with P. aeruginosa and I. limosus antigens. The strongest IgG-reactive antigens for all three P. aeruginosa isolates were located at 
20 kDa. For IL1-1, but not for IL1-2, the strongest reactive protein bands were found for the proteins P23 and P18. Additionally, there were numerous IgG-reactive bands in the range 36–90 kDa. We examined 10 sera from CF patients continuously infected/colonized with P. aeruginosa for more than 2 years, but free of I. limosus in sputum cultures, and 10 from healthy/adult volunteers (blood donors) as controls. These 20 sera showed no reactivity with Western blots of I. limosus isolates IL1-1 and IL1-2 (serum dilution 1 : 200). As expected, pooled sera of Pseudomonas-positive, Inquilinus-negative CF patients were reactive for P. aeruginosa IgG immunoblotting (Fig. 3f; serum dilution 1 : 200). To assess the specificity of immunoblots, the two sequential sera from patient 1 were cross-adsorbed with boiled P. aeruginosa or I. limosus antigens (see Methods). P. aeruginosa cross-adsorption of sera resulted in significant reduction of the reactivity of Pseudomonas immunoblots, whereas the Inquilinus immunoblot patterns remained unchanged. Cross-adsorption of sera with I. limosus removed I. limosus-specific antibody reactivity quantitatively, except for those recognized as P18 and two proteins of about 36 and 85 kDa in size. Possibly, the strongly reactive P18 was not accessible to serum antibodies when boiled Inquilinus cells were used for cross-adsorption. Interestingly, serum 1 obtained 1 year before the initial isolation of I. limosus from sputum of patient 1 was already found to be immunoblot positive (Fig. 3e), although with weaker reactivity than serum 2.
In addition, we tried to isolate secreted proteins from culture supernatants of I. limosus. Neither from stationary TSB, nor from Ca2+-depleted culture supernatants (known to induce type III secretion in P. aeruginosa), could we detect supernatant proteins by SDS-PAGE (Coomassie staining) or by immunoblotting (data not shown).
In summary, we demonstrated that the presence of I. limosus in the respiratory tract of patient 1 was associated with a specific IgG serum antibody response against distinct I. limosus antigens. Moreover, a serum antibody response to I. limosus antigens may be detectable before I. limosus can be cultivated.
I. limosus IgG-immunoblotting analysis of the reactivity of patient sera against diverse I. limosus WCL proteins
In a second approach, we analysed the serum IgG reactivity of the six patients against autologous and heterologous I. limosus isolates to demonstrate antibody response, directed to dominant common antigens and strain-specific antigens. As expected, pooled control sera of Pseudomonas-positive, Inquilinus-negative CF patients showed no reactivity with Western blots of all I. limosus isolates (Fig. 4b, serum dilution 1 : 200). To obtain sufficient visible bands in immunoblots incubated with sera from patients 2 to 6, we had to use serum dilutions of 1 : 500, in contrast to 1 : 2000 with sera from patient 1.
View larger version (76K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
|
Fig. 4. (a) Coomassie blue-stained SDS-PAGE of WCL proteins from I. limosus isolates of patients 1–6 (IL1-1, IL1-2, IL2, IL3, IL4, IL5 and IL6). (b–h) IgG immunoblots incubated with pooled control sera of Inquilinus-negative, Pseudomonas-positive patients (b) (n=10; dilution 1 : 200), and with sera from patients 1 (c), 2 (d), 3 (e), 4 (f), 5 (g) and 6 (h) (dilution 1 : 500). IL, I. limosus; numbers at the top show I. limosus isolate numbers. Numbers on the right show relative positions (in kDa).
|
|
Sera from patient 1 showed cross-reactivity to all five heterologous I. limosus isolates (Fig. 4c). The IgG immunoblot incubated with sera from patient 2 showed weak reactivity with heterologous Inquilinus antigens, but strong reactivity to WCL antigens of the autologous IL2 isolate, in particular in the range 36–47 kDa (Fig. 4d). Serum IgG from patient 3 was highly reactive for numerous Inquilinus protein bands likely present in all seven I. limosus isolates (Fig. 4e), even when using serum dilutions of 1 : 2000 (results not shown). Moreover, in the range 20–30 kDa, additional reactive bands appeared with the autologous and heterologous I. limosus isolates that were not recognized by sera from patients 1 and 2. The IgG immunoblot incubated with serum from patient 4 showed strong antibody reactivity to antigens of the autologous IL4 WCL as well as to IL2 WCL (in the range 36–47 kDa), but only weak reactivity against WCLs of IL1-1, IL1-2, IL3, IL5 and IL6 (Fig. 4f). Serum from patient 5 showed high cross-reactivity for diverse antigens of all seven I. limosus isolates (Fig. 4g), especially for IL2 and IL4. Serum from patient 6 showed, equivalent to sera from patients 3 and 5, cross-reactivity to WCLs of all seven I. limosus isolates (Fig. 4h). Among patients 2–6, only sera from patients 2 and 3 showed reactivity with P23 and weak reactivity with P18 from isolate IL1-1.
In summary, sera from all six I. limosus-infected patients showed IgG reactivity against numerous proteins of WCLs of I. limosus with varying intensity. Except for patients 3 and 6, all patients developed the strongest reactivity against antigens of autologous I. limosus isolates. Only sera from patients 1–3 recognized the proteins P18 and P23 of isolate IL1-1. Thus, the patients were separated into two serum-reactivity groups. Sera from the first group (patients 1, 3, 5 and 6) showed a strong cross-reactivity against autologous and heterologous I. limosus antigens, whereas sera from the second group (patients 2 and 4) showed strong reactivity predominantly against the autologous I. limosus antigens and only weak reactivity against heterologous antigens.
MALDI-MS sequencing of P23 and P18
P23 and P18 of IL1-1 were excised from SDS-PAGE and submitted for MALDI-MS analysis. Compared to the Mascot database, P23 revealed closest homology to the outer membrane lipoprotein OmlA of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (Gram & Ahrens, 1998), with a protein score of 79 (P<0.05) (accession no. gi29469957). The result for P18 with a protein score of 74 (P<0.05) pointed to a homologous protein-tyrosine phosphatase of B. cepacia (accession no. gi46321582). I. limosus isolates IL1-2, IL2, IL3, IL4, IL5 and IL6 were also checked for the presence of P23 and P18. Therefore, Coomassie-stained protein bands of SDS-PAGE runs with the same electrophoretic mobility as P18 and P23 were analysed by MALDI-MS. We did not obtain sequences which indicated similarity to P18 or P23.
|
DISCUSSION
|
|---|
I. limosus is a novel species of the subdivision -Proteobacteria. At present, only a small number of isolates have been reported, exclusively among CF patients (Chiron et al., 2005; Coenye et al., 2002a; Pitulle et al., 1999; Wellinghausen et al., 2005). Nevertheless, in agreement with published cases, the I. limosus isolates detected in respiratory secretions of six patients in our laboratory represent an increasing local prevalence in CF. As in the cases of patients 1 and 6, retarded growth and the similarity to mucoid P. aeruginosa may easily lead to overlooking and misidentification of I. limosus. In earlier studies, Inquilinus-positive patients were colonized with individual strains showing no clonality in PFGE analysis (Chiron et al., 2005; Wellinghausen et al., 2005). To characterize the I. limosus isolates from our six patients, we compared them using both RAPD-PCR and SDS-PAGE of bacterial WCLs. The different banding patterns in RAPD-PCR indicated that this could be a suitable method to discriminate I. limosus isolates [results were confirmed by PFGE analysis, as described by Wellinghausen et al. (2005); data not shown]. The individual RAPD-PCR and WCL protein profiles demonstrated that each patient was infected/colonized by an individual I. limosus clone. The fact that patients 1–3 were treated in the same outpatient CF clinic during overlapping time periods suggests that there was no transmission of I. limosus among these patients. As expected, comparison of sequential I. limosus isolates of patient 1 revealed identical RAPD profiles, but slightly different protein patterns. In contrast to IL1-1, IL1-2 showed no detectable expression of antigens P18 and P23, suggesting an adaptation of I. limosus during the course of infection. Interestingly, these two I. limosus variants co-existed in the respiratory tract. We demonstrated by immunoblotting that patient 1 showed a strong antibody response, especially against P18 and P23. As a putative lipoprotein, P23 might be localized in the cell envelope of I. limosus, and its access to antibodies is not surprising, possibly explaining the loss of P23 reactivity after cross-adsorption with I. limosus. P18 is probably localized cytoplasmically and thus might not be accessible for cross-adsorption. I. limosus isolates of the remaining five patients did not express P18 and P23 in detectable amounts, although patients 2 and 3 showed a weak reactivity in this size range and probably against these proteins. During the course of infection, the expression of P18 and P23 might have been counter-selected, and then might have disappeared in the WCLs of isolates IL2 and IL3, as occurred for isolate IL1-2.
So far, it is still unclear whether I. limosus contributes to the respiratory deterioration of CF patients or accompanies P. aeruginosa as a commensal. We addressed this issue by detecting a possible serum antibody response against I. limosus WCL antigens in sera from all six Inquilinus-positive patients using immunoblotting. All CF patients presented here had positive I. limosus sputum cultures, and five of them showed clinical signs of exacerbation or spirometric deterioration. Patient 1 showed a strong, specific IgG response against I. limosus detected by immunoblotting with I. limosus WCLs. Extensive pre-adsorption with P. aeruginosa did not diminish the IgG reactivity to I. limosus proteins, but cross-reactivity to P. aeruginosa could be substantially removed by adsorption with I. limosus. Thus, immunoblotting appears to be a specific serological technique for diagnosis of I. limosus pulmonary infections.
The detection of a positive I. limosus immunoblot in patients even before the culture-based detection of I. limosus indicates pre-existing colonization/infection. I. limosus was not detected at that stage by culture, probably due to a very low bacterial load, a slow growth rate and lack of experience with I. limosus. As described for B. cepacia infection, a specific serum antibody response may be detectable years prior to cultivation of the pathogen (Aronoff et al., 1991). The other Inquilinus-positive patients also showed an immune response to Inquilinus antigens, albeit with weaker reactivity. The time-point of infection with I. limosus could not be exactly defined, and sera obtained before the first cultural detection of the organism were not available. Follow-up sera were available from patients 2 and 3, 6 months after the first isolation of I. limosus, but showed no increase in reaction against I. limosus antigens (data not shown). In contrast, sera of 10 CF patients with positive P. aeruginosa sputum cultures, but negative I. limosus cultures, showed IgG reactivity against P. aeruginosa, but not against I. limosus. As expected, healthy blood donors were also free of anti-I. limosus antibodies. In summary, we conclude that I. limosus may have the potential for invasion and eliciting an inflammatory response, which leads to a specific serum antibody response. Probably, I. limosus affects the respiratory function of CF patients in a similar manner to P. aeruginosa and B. cepacia (Hendry et al., 2000; Johansen et al., 2004; Lacy et al., 1995).
With respect to immunoblot results, we may separate Inquilinus-positive patients into two groups. Group 1 showed an IgG reaction against both autologous and heterologous I. limosus antigens. Group 2 showed only a weak reaction against heterologous antigens, but a strong reaction against autologous I. limosus antigens. However, the classification into these groups reflects the clinical situation poorly. For example, patient 5, classified into group 1 with various reactive bands against heterologous WCLs, had a stable lung function, while patient 1 (also from group 1) suffered from a severe clinical deterioration during I. limosus infection. These preliminary data indicate that the number of reactive bands in Western blot is not of prognostic value for the clinical course of I. limosus infection. It has been reported that intensive treatment regimes at the early stage of P. aeruginosa infection can have an effect on the pseudomonal antibody response (Johansen et al., 2004). It can be speculated that the antibody production against I. limosus in the patients of this study diminished due to the recurrent antibiotic treatment that all of them had received in the past.
In general, the prevalence of I. limosus might be underestimated. Therefore, a screening method for I. limosus is required in order to identify I. limosus during the early and latent state of infection. This might help to initiate appropriate antibiotic treatment, taking into account the multi-resistant phenotype of the organism. As an IgG-antibody reaction was detectable in all six I. limosus sputum-culture-positive patients, we conclude that WCL immunoblots are a sensitive method to detect class-specific serum antibodies against I. limosus antigens and to predict colonization or infection of CF patients with I. limosus. Subsequently, a positive Inquilinus immunoblot might require the application of specific microbiological procedures to improve the specific detection of this novel pathogen in sputum cultures (e.g. prolonged incubation because of the slow growth rate). Extended serologic studies of I. limosus should be performed to identify dominant antigens common to all I. limosus isolates. In conjunction with serological diagnosis the screening method for I. limosus in respiratory secretions should be improved, either by fluorescent in situ hybridization (Hogardt et al., 2000) and/or by PCR, which has proven to be very useful to control B. cepacia infection (Moore et al., 2002).
|
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
|
|---|
We thank the following persons and institutions for providing clinical data and/or CF isolates: A. Schuster, Heinrich Heine University Hospital, Duesseldorf, Germany; J. Mainz, Friedrich-Schiller-University Hospital, Jena, Germany; R. Fischer, M. Kappler and B. Ganster, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich, Germany. We thank V. Fingerle and A. Sing, Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Munich, Germany, for helpful discussions.
|
REFERENCES
|
|---|
Aronoff, S. C., Quinn, F. J., Jr & Stern, R. C. (1991). Longitudinal serum IgG response to Pseudomonas cepacia surface antigens in cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol 11, 289–293.[Medline]
Beringer, P. M. & Appleman, M. D. (2000). Unusual respiratory bacterial flora in cystic fibrosis: microbiologic and clinical features. Curr Opin Pulm Med 6, 545–550.[CrossRef][Medline]
Burns, J. L., Emerson, J., Stapp, J. R., Yim, D. L., Krzewinski, J., Louden, L., Ramsey, B. W. & Clausen, C. R. (1998). Microbiology of sputum from patients at cystic fibrosis centers in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 27, 158–163.[Medline]
Caballero, E., Drobnic, M. E., Perez, M. T., Manresa, J. M., Ferrer, A. & Orriols, R. (2001). Anti-Pseudomonas aeruginosa antibody detection in patients with bronchiectasis without cystic fibrosis. Thorax 56, 669–674.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
Chiron, R., Marchandin, H., Counil, F. & 8 other authors (2005). Clinical and microbiological features of Inquilinus sp. isolates from five patients with cystic fibrosis. J Clin Microbiol 43, 3938–3943.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
Coenye, T., Goris, J., Spilker, T., Vandamme, P. & LiPuma, J. J. (2002a). Characterization of unusual bacteria isolated from respiratory secretions of cystic fibrosis patients and description of Inquilinus limosus gen. nov., sp. nov. J Clin Microbiol 40, 2062–2069.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
Coenye, T., Vandamme, P. & LiPuma, J. J. (2002b). Infection by Ralstonia species in cystic fibrosis patients: identification of R. pickettii and R. mannitolilytica by polymerase chain reaction. Emerg Infect Dis 8, 692–696.[Medline]
Fomsgaard, A., Hoiby, N., Shand, G. H., Conrad, R. S. & Galanos, C. (1988). Longitudinal study of antibody response to lipopolysaccharides during chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection in cystic fibrosis. Infect Immun 56, 2270–2278.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
Gilligan, P. H. (1991). Microbiology of airway disease in patients with cystic fibrosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 4, 35–51.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
Gram, T. & Ahrens, P. (1998). Improved diagnostic PCR assay for Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae based on the nucleotide sequence of an outer membrane lipoprotein. J Clin Microbiol 36, 443–448.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
Hendry, J., Butler, S., Elborn, J. S., Govan, J. R., Nelson, J., Shale, D. J. & Webb, A. K. (2000). Antibody response to Burkholderia cepacia in patients with cystic fibrosis colonized with Burkholderia cepacia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Infect 40, 164–170.[CrossRef][Medline]
Hogardt, M., Trebesius, K., Geiger, A. M., Hornef, M., Rosenecker, J. & Heesemann, J. (2000). Specific and rapid detection by fluorescent in situ hybridization of bacteria in clinical samples obtained from cystic fibrosis patients. J Clin Microbiol 38, 818–825.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
Johansen, H. K., Norregaard, L., Gotzsche, P. C., Pressler, T., Koch, C. & Hoiby, N. (2004). Antibody response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis patients: a marker of therapeutic success? – A 30-year cohort study of survival in Danish CF patients after onset of chronic P. aeruginosa lung infection. Pediatr Pulmonol 37, 427–432.[CrossRef][Medline]
Jorgensen, I. M., Johansen, H. K., Frederiksen, B., Pressler, T., Hansen, A., Vandamme, P., Hoiby, N. & Koch, C. (2003). Epidemic spread of Pandoraea apista, a new pathogen causing severe lung disease in cystic fibrosis patients. Pediatr Pulmonol 36, 439–446.[CrossRef][Medline]
Lacy, D. E., Smith, A. W., Stableforth, D. E., Smith, G., Weller, P. H. & Brown, M. R. (1995). Serum IgG response to Burkholderia cepacia outer membrane antigens in cystic fibrosis: assessment of cross-reactivity with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 10, 253–261.[CrossRef][Medline]
Mahenthiralingam, E., Campbell, M. E., Foster, J., Lam, J. S. & Speert, D. P. (1996). Random amplified polymorphic DNA typing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates recovered from patients with cystic fibrosis. J Clin Microbiol 34, 1129–1135.[Abstract]
Moore, J. E., Xu, J., Millar, B. C., Crowe, M. & Elborn, J. S. (2002). Improved molecular detection of Burkholderia cepacia genomovar III and Burkholderia multivorans directly from sputum of patients with cystic fibrosis. J Microbiol Methods 49, 183–191.[CrossRef][Medline]
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (2000). Performance Standard for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, 5th edn. Approved standard M7-A6. Wayne, PA: National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards.
Pitulle, C., Citron, D. M., Bochner, B., Barbers, R. & Appleman, M. D. (1999). Novel bacterium isolated from a lung transplant patient with cystic fibrosis. J Clin Microbiol 37, 3851–3855.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
Rajan, S. & Saiman, L. (2002). Pulmonary infections in patients with cystic fibrosis. Semin Respir Infect 17, 47–56.[CrossRef][Medline]
Rogol, M., Sechter, I., Braunstein, I. & Gerichter, C. B. (1983). Extended scheme for serotyping Campylobacter jejuni: results obtained in Israel from 1980 to 1981. J Clin Microbiol 18, 283–286.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
Towbin, H., Staehelin, T. & Gordon, J. (1992). Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets: procedure and some applications. Biotechnology 24, 145–149.[Medline]
Wallet, F., Perez, T., Armand, S., Wallaert, B. & Courcol, R. J. (2002). Pneumonia due to Bordetella bronchiseptica in a cystic fibrosis patient: 16S rRNA sequencing for diagnosis confirmation. J Clin Microbiol 40, 2300–2301.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
Wellinghausen, N., Essig, A. & Sommerburg, O. (2005). Inquilinus limosus in patients with cystic fibrosis, Germany. Emerg Infect Dis 11, 457–459.[Medline]
TOP
INTRODUCTION
METHODS
, solid line) and CRP (mg dl–1, 
, dotted line) at different time-points are shown. Because of severe pulmonary deterioration, spirometry could not be performed between September and December 2002. The solid arrow indicates isolation of P. aeruginosa, the dotted arrow indicates isolation of I. limosus. The dashed arrow shows the time period when sera were available and I. limosus antibodies were detected.