J Med Microbiol 54 (2005), 463-466; DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.45847-0
© 2005 Society for General Microbiology
ISSN 0022-2615
A novel porA-based real-time PCR for detection of meningococcal carriage
J Zoe Jordens1,2
and
John E Heckels2
Southampton Public Health Laboratory1 and Molecular Microbiology & Infection, Division of Infection, Inflammation & Repair,2 University of Southampton Medical School, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
Correspondence J. Zoe Jordens Z.Jordens{at}massey.ac.nz
Received July 30, 2004
Accepted January 24, 2005
Real-time PCR based on the capsule transfer gene (ctrA) is a significant aid in the diagnosis of meningococcal infection but fails to detect a high proportion (60 %) of non-groupable strains associated with nasopharyngeal carriage. This study aimed to design a novel real-time (TaqMan) PCR that would detect more strains of meningococci and be suitable for large-scale carriage studies. Primer and probe sequences were based on the meningococcal porA gene and designed specifically to exclude the highly related porA pseudogene in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The specificity of the assay was confirmed by testing strains of N. gonorrhoeae known to contain the porA pseudogene together with commensal strains of Neisseria lactamica and Neisseria sicca. None of these was detected in the assay. Neisseria meningitidis strains representing a wide range of serogroups together with non-groupable strains isolated from the nasopharynx were tested by ctrA assay and the novel porA-based TaqMan PCR. All carriage strains were detected by the porA-based assay including four that gave weak or no reaction with the ctrA assay. Comparison of ctrA and porA assays on 71 throat swabs obtained from university students showed that the porA assay detected meningococcal DNA in all samples that were ctrA positive plus three that were ctrA negative but culture positive. This novel porA-based TaqMan assay provides a highly specific method for detecting meningococcal DNA that is more sensitive than the ctrA assay for detecting meningococcal carriage and is particularly suitable for carriage studies where non-groupable strains and other Neisseria are present.
Present address: Institute of Molecular BioSciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 5331, New Zealand.
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INTRODUCTION
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Meningitis and septicaemia caused by Neisseria meningitidis are serious causes of morbidity and mortality. Effective vaccines based on the polysaccharide capsule have reduced the burden of disease in the UK caused by serogroup C strains of meningococci (Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre, 2001). However, disease caused by serogroup B organisms still persists and vaccines against these based on the outer-membrane protein are being developed (Van der Voort et al., 1997). Rapid and sensitive detection of meningococcal carriage is an important aid to human population studies, either during outbreaks or as an integral part of vaccine efficacy trials. The detection of nasopharyngeal carriage of meningococci has traditionally relied on selective culture from throat swabs. In a recent study, it was shown that detection of carriage could be improved by inclusion of real-time (TaqMan) PCR based on the capsule transfer gene, ctrA (Jordens et al., 2002). However, the majority of the carriage strains were non-groupable and 60 % of these could not be detected or were only poorly detected with the ctrA PCR, showing that prompt culture was still essential. The aim of the current study was to design a real-time PCR that would detect a greater proportion of the non-groupable strains associated with carriage and that could be used in surveys of large populations.
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METHODS
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DNA.
Supernatant fluid obtained from boiled suspensions of bacterial strains after overnight culture on clear typing media (Diaz & Heckels, 1982) was used for PCR. The specificity of the assay was determined with extracts from laboratory cultures of the following: Haemophilus influenzae ATCC 49766, Haemophilus parainfluenzae NCTC 4101, Streptococcus anginosus NCTC 8037, Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 49619, Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain P9 (Diaz & Heckels, 1982) and three fresh clinical isolates (provided by the Public Health Laboratory, Southampton, UK), Neisseria lactamica NCTC 10617 and Neisseria sicca NCTC 4591. The detection of a wide range of serogroups was determined with extracts from cultures of laboratory strains with serogroups A, B, C, X (three strains), Y, Z, W135 and 29E, and from two non-groupable strains.
The detection of a wide range of serotypes associated with carriage was determined with extracts from 18 strains of meningococci (15 non-groupable and three group W135) isolated from the nasopharynx of students and characterized in a previous study (Jordens et al., 2002). To determine the suitability of the assay for carriage studies, 71 samples prepared directly from throat swabs as part of the previous study were tested. After being cultured, swabs were agitated in sterile water, broken off, inverted, returned to the tube and centrifuged (Jordens et al., 2002). The resulting fluid was boiled and the supernate used in PCR. All extracts had been stored at –80C.
Amplification by PCR.
The presence of a porA pseudogene in the N. gonorrhoeae strains was determined by conventional PCR amplification with primers specific for the VR1 region. The primers were 5'-CCGCACTGCCGCTTGCGG-3' and 5'-CCAAACAGCCTTCAGC CC-3' (McGuinness et al., 1993). Reaction mixtures contained 1 mM primers, 200 µM each dCTP, dTTP, dATP and dGTP (Promega), 1x Optibuffer, 2 mM MgCl2 and 2 U (0.5 µl) Bio-X-Act polymerase (Bioline). Amplification was carried out using a Perkin Elmer 9600 cycler with 35 cycles of 40 s at 96 °C, 40 s at 50 °C and 30 s at 72 °C. Products were detected by ethidium bromide staining of agarose gels.
Amplification of porA by TaqMan PCR.
Reaction mixtures contained 1x universal mix (Perkin Elmer), 300 nM each primer (Cruachem), 200 nM probe (Cruachem) and 5 µl DNA extract in a total volume of 25 µl. Amplification parameters consisted of 2 min at 50 °C and 10 min at 95 °C, followed by 50 cycles of 15 s at 95 °C and 1 min at 60 °C using an ABI PRISM 7700 Sequence Detection System (Applied Biosystems). The threshold cycle (the cycle at which sample fluorescence exceeds a threshold value, indicating a positive result and which is proportional to the number of gene copies present) was recorded for each sample. Experiments included separate positive- and negative-control DNA samples (N. meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae, respectively) and at least three water (no template DNA) controls. Dilutions (10-fold) of meningococcal DNA covering the range 103–107 copies ml–1 were also included.
ctrA TaqMan assay.
All samples (except the three clinical isolates of N. gonorrhoeae and the non-Neisseria species) were tested in the modified ctrA TaqMan assay, as described previously (Corless et al., 2001; Jordens et al., 2002), either as part of the previous study (throat swab samples) or specifically for this study.
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RESULTS
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Primer and probe design
The proposed assay needed to be species specific and to detect a wide range of meningococcal strains. For specificity, it was essential to avoid amplification and detection of similar sequences in related species. porA was chosen as the target gene as DNA sequence data for this was available for a large number of meningococcal strains and the only closely related gene reported in other species is a porA pseudogene detected in N. gonorrhoeae (Feavers & Maiden, 1998). To detect the maximum number of meningococcal strains, highly variable regions within porA, for example VR1 and VR2 (McGuinness et al., 1990), were excluded as primer and probe target sequences. To locate species-specific DNA sequences, a consensus porA sequence from N. meningitidis was aligned with a consensus porA pseudogene sequence from N. gonorrhoeae (made from all six gonococcal porA pseudogene sequences deposited in GenBank) together with related sequences representing other Neisseria porin genes, namely consensus porB2 and porB3 from N. meningitidis, consensus porB1a and porB1b from N. gonorrhoeae, and the related porin gene sequences from N. lactamica and N. sicca. Because of the high similarity (91 %) between the porA gene of N. meningitidis and the porA pseudogene from N. gonorrhoeae (Feavers & Maiden, 1998), the 3' region of the gene was targeted, as this is where the most sequence variation between the two occurs.
Given the constraints above, the guidelines for designing TaqMan primers and probes provided by the manufacturer (Perkin Elmer Biosystems) were followed as closely as possible. For ease of use, reaction conditions were kept consistent with those used for other TaqMan assays (Corless et al., 2001; Jordens et al., 2002). Primer and probe sequences were designed manually and Primer Express software (Applied BioSystems) was used to calculate Tm and to detect any possible internal loops or primer dimers. The sequences designed were as follows: forward primer, 5'-GCTTCGGT AATGCAGTTCCA-3'; reverse primer, 5'-CGTTTGGAAAA ATCATAATCAACG-3'; and probe, 5'-TGGTATTTTCG CCTTTTTTACCGCGTT-3'. Sequences were compared with all bacterial sequences in GenBank using the basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) (Altschul et al., 1990) and no significant homologies were detected other than with the target sequences. The probe was labelled with FAM (carboxyfluorescein) at the 5' end and TAMRA (carboxytetramethyl rhodamine) at the 3' end. The two primers corresponded to nucleotides 1020–1039 (forward primer) and 1123–1146 (reverse primer) of the porA gene of strain MC50 (Barlow et al., 1989) giving an expected amplification product of 127 bp.
Amplification of DNA from cultures
PCR amplification with primers specific for conserved sequences flanking the VR1 region of the meningococcal porA gene yielded products of the expected size (
250 bp) from all 12 laboratory control strains of N. meningitidis, 18 carriage strains of N. meningitidis and also from three of the four N. gonorrhoeae isolates, indicating the presence of porA, or porA pseudogene, in these strains. In addition N. lactamica and N. sicca produced weak bands corresponding to products of different sizes.
The porA TaqMan assay was negative for H. influenzae, H. parainfluenzae, S. anginosus and S. pneumoniae, and also for the N. gonorrhoeae, N. lactamica and N. sicca strains tested, despite the presence of porA-related sequences in the latter strains. The assay detected all 12 laboratory control strains of N. meningitidis, including two non-groupable strains, one of which was not detected with the ctrA assay. All 18 N. meningitidis carriage strains were detected with the porA assay, whereas three were not detected with the ctrA assay and one was detected only very weakly. Ethidium bromide staining of porA TaqMan amplification products on agarose gels showed products of the expected size from a sample of six control strains (serogroups B, C, X, Y, W135 and 29E) and three non-groupable carriage strains, but no products were detected from the four N. gonorrhoeae tested, confirming that the pseudogene was not amplified with the porA primers.
Amplification of DNA from throat swabs
A total of 71 throat swab extracts were tested in the porA assay designed in this study. Of the 14 samples previously shown to contain meningococci by culture or PCR, four were not detected by the ctrA assay (Table 1). The four samples that were ctrA negative all contained non-groupable meningococci when cultured. The porA assay detected three of these ctrA-negative samples, while one culture-positive sample was not detected by either assay. The remaining 57 samples were negative by all methods.
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Table 1. Detection of N. meningitidis in throat swabs from carriers by culture, ctrA TaqMan assay and porA TaqMan assay +, Positive test result; –, negative test result; ±, weak positive result.
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DISCUSSION
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The novel porA TaqMan assay described in this study provides a simple, rapid method for the detection of meningococcal DNA from throat swabs. The assay was more sensitive than the ctrA TaqMan assay and at least as sensitive as traditional culture for the detection of meningococcal carriage in the population tested. Hence, this porA-based TaqMan assay should be suitable for large-scale carriage studies, and has advantages over the ctrA TaqMan assay for these samples as it detects more non-groupable N. meningitidis specifically associated with nasopharyngeal carriage.
TaqMan assays are convenient for large studies as swab washings can be stored at –80 °C and processed at a later date for testing in a 96-well format. On a single instrument, a total of about 200 samples can be tested by one person in a day, making the screening of large numbers of samples, especially those taken at sites not near the testing laboratory, much simpler than culture.
The swab sample that was not detected by either TaqMan assay yielded only a few colonies by culture. As swabs were used to inoculate culture media first, it is likely that the number of bacteria remaining was insufficient for detection when diluted for PCR. Hence, the sensitivity is likely to be even better when a TaqMan assay is used alone. The level of detection of both TaqMan assays was comparable (about 50 organisms per PCR reaction or 104 organisms per ml supernate). The culture-negative results obtained for two TaqMan-positive samples probably reflect sampling differences in these low-count samples. For optimal detection of meningococci from throat swabs, prompt culture and porA TaqMan PCR should be undertaken, as samples with few organisms may be missed using either assay alone.
Initially it was hoped that a sequence containing regions encoding VR1 and/or VR2 of meningococcal porA could be amplified so that products could be characterized by sequencing after amplification. The presence of the porA pseudogene in some strains of N. gonorrhoeae with 91 % similarity to the gene in N. meningitidis prevented this. Clarke et al. (2001) have described a method for porA-based sequence typing of meningococci that they suggest can be used directly on clinical samples. Although this may be suitable for clinical samples in which there is high suspicion of meningococcal disease, it is unlikely to be suitable for carriage studies where other neisserial species with related porA genes are present, since the primers used amplify the complete porA gene (Maiden et al., 1991) and have been shown to amplify the gonococcal porA pseudogene (Feavers & Maiden, 1998).
TaqMan type assays are ideal for distinguishing between highly related sequences, such as the meningococcal porA and gonococcal porA pseudogenes, as they use a highly specific probe that can discriminate between just a few bases. The lack of detection of N. gonorrhoeae strain P9, which has previously been shown to contain the porA pseudogene (J. E. Heckels & K. Jolley, unpublished data), and the two clinical isolates that were porA positive by conventional PCR, together with the lack of reaction with the other Neisseria species and respiratory organisms tested, shows that the porA TaqMan assay described here is species specific.
Feavers & Maiden (1998) undertook extensive sequence analysis of porA pseudogenes from N. gonorrhoeae and confirmed by phylogenetic analysis that the only closely related gene to this was porA in N. meningitidis. The probe in this study targeted the sequence showing the most variation between meningococcal and gonococcal porA; five of the 27 bases differed. Translation of the probe sequence showed it to map to loop 7 of the porin protein (RGKKGENT) (Van der Ley et al., 1991), a region that is highly conserved in N. meningitidis, with only occasional strains having a single-base change. The porA assay detected two such strains known to have a single mismatch (data not shown). The six porA pseudogene sequences in GenBank were also identical in this region, while N. lactamica porin, N. sicca porin, gonococcal porB1a and porB1b, and meningococcal porB2 and porB3 differed from porA at a total of between 7 and 16 bases. The high degree of conservation of the target sequence within N. meningitidis indicates that it is a stable target, and the lack of similarity with related porins shows that specificity is unlikely to be compromised by simple genetic changes in related species. Strains of N. meningitidis lacking porA have been isolated from patients only rarely (Van der Ende et al., 1999), so are unlikely to compromise the assay.
The porA TaqMan assay designed and tested in this study provides a highly specific method for detecting meningococcal DNA that is particularly suitable for carriage studies where non-groupable meningococci, other Neisseria species and respiratory organisms are present.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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This work was partially supported by Hope (Wessex Medical Trust) and Palmerston North Medical Research Foundation We thank Patrick Pead and Jeannette Williams for performing some of the porA TaqMan assays, and the Microbiology Unit, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand, for providing DNA from respiratory organisms.
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REFERENCES
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INTRODUCTION
METHODS
