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J. Med. Microbiol. -- Vol. 51 (2002), 1071-1079
© 2002 Society for General Microbiology
ISSN 0022-2615

BACTERIAL PATHOGENICITY

Recombinant GroES in combination with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides protects mice against Mycobacterium avium infection

LANFRANCO FATTORINI, ROBERTA CRETI, ROBERTO NISINI, ROBERTA PIETROBONO, YUMING FAN, ANNARITA STRINGARO*, GIUSEPPE ARANCIA*, OTTAVIANO SERLUPI-CRESCENZI, ELISABETTA IONA and GRAZIELLA OREFICI

Laboratory of Bacteriology and Medical Mycology and *Laboratory of Ultrastructures, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy

Corresponding author: Dr G. Orefici (e-mail: gorefici{at}iss.it).

Received 24 May 2002; revised version received 26 July 2002; accepted 31 July 2002.


   Abstract
TOP
 Abstract
Introduction
 Materials and methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
The groES gene of Mycobacterium avium strain 485 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli and the recombinant GroES protein was purified by affinity chromatography. The GroES preparation showed high purity by electrophoresis and immunoblotting. Immuno-electron microscopy showed that GroES was located both in the cytoplasm and on the surface of the mycobacterial cells and thus is readily available to interact with the host immune system. BALB/c mice were immunised intranasally with recombinant GroES, alone or in combination with a synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide containing unmethylated CpG motifs, and tested for protection against infection with M. avium. Neither GroES nor CpG alone provided any protection against subsequent challenge with M. avium, whereas a combination of the two significantly protected the lungs and spleen against colonisation by M. avium after intranasal challenge with a low dose of the organism. This indicates that intranasal administration of GroES and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides increases the resistance of BALB/c mice to M. avium infection.


   Introduction
TOP
 Abstract
 Introduction
Materials and methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Organisms belonging to the Mycobacterium avium complex are environmental mycobacteria that can cause disseminated infections in AIDS patients and pulmonary disease in individuals without predisposing conditions [1]. M. avium infections are thought to occur by colonisation of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts [2, 3], e.g., from aerosols generated by showers and from natural waters in which M. avium can reach concentrations of up to 1000 cfu/ml [4]. Cellular responses play a role in the development of immunity to M. avium infections but only a few antigens of the organism have been cloned and characterised. One of these is GroES, a 10-kDa heat-shock protein (HSP 10) which interacts functionally with GroEL (HSP 65) in protein folding and assembly [5, 6]. M. tuberculosis GroES is known to be produced extracellularly because it can be recovered from the conditioned medium of bacterial cultures [7, 8].

In man, GroES appears to be an immunodominant antigen as it induces antibodies and T-cell proliferation in patients with leprosy and tuberculosis [9]. However, much less is known about the potential role of GroES proteins as protective immunogens. For instance, intradermal immunisation of mice with recombinant M. leprae GroES, emulsified in Freund's incomplete adjuvant, has been shown to protect animals against multiplication of M. leprae [10]. Furthermore, mucosal immunisation with a recombinant Helicobacter pylori GroES-like protein and cholera toxin has been shown to protect mice against H. pylori infection [11].

In recent studies, synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing an unmethylated CpG dinucleotide flanked by two 5'-purines and two 3'-pyrimidines have been reported to be potent adjuvants for intranasally administered proteins [12, 13]. CpG-containing sequences induce Th1-like responses and can be superior to cholera toxin in inducing immune responses [14]. However, no studies have been reported on the protective activity of mycobacterial proteins combined with CpG adjuvants. For this reason, the groES gene of M. avium was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli and the recombinant GroES protein and a CpG oligodeoxynucleotide were investigated for their ability to protect mice against M. avium infection.


   Materials and methods
TOP
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and methods
Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Micro-organism

M. avium strain 485 was isolated from the blood of an AIDS patient [15]. Smooth transparent colonies, which are known to be associated with high virulence and resistance to antimicrobial agents, were used [1].

Cloning of the M. avium groES gene

M. avium cells were grown in Middlebrook 7H9 broth (Difco) at 37°C, with agitation, to an optical density of 0.2 at 500 nm (OD500) and used for the preparation of chromosomal DNA [16]. A pair of degenerate primers corresponding to residues 8–14 and 79–85 of the M. tuberculosis GroES protein [17] were used to amplify a portion of the M. avium groES gene by PCR. The PCR product (234 bp) was sequenced on both strands by the dideoxy-chain termination method [18] to verify its specificity and was used as a probe in Southern hybridisation experiments [16]. When M. avium genomic DNA was digested with restriction endonuclease PvuII (New England Biolabs), a single positive signal at c. 800 bp was obtained. Accordingly, PvuII-restricted chromosomal DNA was cloned in the PvuII site of the phagemid Bluescript SK+ (Stratagene) and used to transform E. coli XLI competent cells (Stratagene). Recombinant plasmids harbouring the fragment of interest were identified by colony hybridisation with the 234-bp PCR product. One clone (pMAC1), containing a 817-bp insert, was sequenced on both strands.

Production of the GroES recombinant protein

To express the M. avium GroES protein in E. coli, the M. avium groES gene was amplified by PCR from the pMAC1 clone with Pyrococcus furiosus DNA polymerase (Stratagene) and inserted into pDS56 (forward primer 5'-GGGAAAGGATCCGTGGCGAAGGTGAA CATC-3' and reverse primer 5'-GGGAAAAAGCTTA CTTGGAGACGACAGC-3') and pQE60 (forward primer 5'-GGGAAACCATGGCGAAGGTGAACATCA-3' and reverse primer 5'-GGGAAAAGATCTCTTGGAG ACGACAGCCAG-3') vectors (Qiagen) to place the 6x histidine (His)-affinity tag at the amino (N)-terminal or at the carboxy (C)-terminal of the fusion protein, respectively. Recombinant plasmids were sequenced (forward primer 5'-CGGATAACAATTTCA CACAG-3' and reverse primer 5'-GTTCTGAGGTCAT TACTGG-3') to verify that the correct open reading frame had been maintained and used to transform E. coli M15 (pREP4) competent cells for the isopropyl-ß-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG) inducible expression of the His-tagged GroES proteins [19]. E. coli M15 cells were grown in the presence of ampicillin 100 mg/L and kanamycin 50 mg/L. When the culture reached an OD600 of 0.7, IPTG was added to a final concentration of 1.5 mM to induce expression. E. coli M15 cells transformed with the pQE56 plasmid encoding the mouse (His)-tagged dihydrofolate reductase protein were used as a control. To follow the time-course of the protein production, 1-ml samples of E. coli M15 cultures were collected at various times by centrifugation and boiled for 3 min in loading buffer. A 20-µl volume of each sample was subjected to SDS-PAGE and proteins were visualised by staining with Coomassie Blue (see below).

For GroES purification, E. coli M15 cells expressing the recombinant GroES protein were collected after incubation for 5 h with IPTG. The bacteria were disrupted by adding lysozyme and by repeated freeze-thaw cycles. After centrifugation to remove cell debris, the supernates were applied to a nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA) affinity chromatography column [19], which has a remarkable selectivity for proteins containing 6-histidine residues when charged with nickel ions. All purification steps were performed in native (non-denaturing) conditions and recombinant proteins were eluted with 500 mM imidazole. Recombinant GroES protein preparations were analysed for endotoxin content by the Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay (Sigma) and were shown to contain <0.1 endotoxin units/ml.

Preparation of anti-GroES serum

New Zealand White rabbits (Charles River) were inoculated intravenously on days 0, 7, 14 and 21 with a mixture containing 0.5 mg of recombinant GroES in 1 ml of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7); the mixture was emulsified with 1 ml of incomplete Freund's adjuvant (Difco) and 2 ml of Tween 80 2% v/v. Animals were exsanguinated on day 28; the blood was allowed to clot and serum was stored in aliquots at -80°C. The antibody titre of the polyclonal anti-GroES serum was determined by ELISA as described previously [20], with minor modifications.

SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting

M. avium sonicate was prepared by treatment of mycobacteria at 4°C for 25 min (1-min cycles with 1-min cooling intervals) with a VCX 400 W ultrasonic disintegrator (Sonics & Materials, Danbury, CT, USA). Recombinant GroES and M. avium sonicate were subjected to SDS-PAGE in separating gels containing acrylamide (BioRad) 15% w/v and the proteins were visualised by staining with Coomassie Blue as described previously [20]. Separated proteins were transferred on to nitrocellulose in a Mini-Trans-Blot module (BioRad). Nitrocellulose strips were soaked for 1 h at 37°C in Tris-HCl buffered saline (NaCl 0.9% w/v, 0.01 M Tris, pH 7.4) containing bovine serum albumin 3% w/v (Tris-BSA) and incubated for 2 h at room temperature with the anti-GroES serum diluted 1 in 2000 in Tris-BSA containing Tween 20 0.05% v/v (Tris-BSA-Tween). After washing in Tween 20 0.05% v/v in saline, the strips were incubated for 1 h at room temperature with goat anti-rabbit IgG alkaline phosphatase conjugate diluted 1 in 5000 with Tris-BSA-Tween and washed in Tween 20 0.05% v/v in saline. Binding of the enzyme-labelled antibodies was detected with the AP colour development reagent and fast red (BioRad).

Cellular distribution of GroES

M. avium cells were grown either to late logarithmic phase (4 days) or to stationary phase (7 days) and then either heat-shocked at 48°C for 1 h or not. Immuno-electron microscopic observations were made with anti-GroES serum (diluted 1 in 10) and gold-conjugated protein A (5 nm diameter, diluted 1 in 50). Both unfixed, unembedded bacteria and chemically fixed, resin-embedded cells were examined. In the first case, cells were harvested by centrifugation, incubated with the anti-GroES serum or the pre-immune rabbit serum, washed in PBS (pH 7.4) twice, labelled with protein A-gold and observed without any further treatment. This method ensured the best antigenic preservation but allowed labelling of only the surface components. To explore whether an internal labelling could occur, ultra-thin sections were prepared. Bacteria were harvested by centrifugation, washed twice in PBS and suspended in the same buffer containing paraformaldehyde 0.5% w/v and glutaraldehyde 1% w/v. Cells were embedded in Lowicryl HM20 resin (Taab) and labelled by the post-embedding method [21].

Protection experiments in mice

Phosphorothioate CpG [12] was synthesised (M- Medica, Florence, Italy) based on a previously published sequence (TGACTGTGAACGTTCGAGATGA) [22]. Male BALB/c mice were immunised intranasally on day 0, 14 and 28 with 40 µl (20 µl per nostril) of PBS containing 10 µg of recombinant GroES, 10 µg CpG, 10 µg GroES + 10 µg CpG, or with PBS alone. Animals were sedated by intraperitoneal administration of 10 µl/g body weight of a solution containing ketamine 5 mg/ml and xylazine 0.3 mg/ml. On day 42, mice were challenged intranasally with 103 or 2 x 104 cfu of M. avium. On day 84, viable bacterial numbers in the spleens and lungs were determined. Organs were collected aseptically and ground in homogenisers in Middlebrook 7H9 broth (6 ml final volume). Four 0.5-ml volumes, either undiluted or diluted 10-fold with distilled water containing Tween 80 0.05% v/v, were plated on to Middlebrook 7H10 agar (Difco). After incubation for 10–14 days in a humidified atmosphere containing CO2 5%, colonies were counted and the numbers of cfu per whole organ were determined.

Statistical analysis

The statistical significance of the data was determined by Student's t test; p values <0.05 were considered significant.


   Results
TOP
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and methods
 Results
Discussion
 References
 
Production of GroES recombinant protein

Sequence analysis of the 817-bp PvuII/PvuII fragment in clone pMAC1 displayed the entire groES gene (nucleotides 212–511) plus the first 72 codons of the cpn60.1 gene (nucleotides 602–817), a groEL homologue (Fig. 1). The predicted amino acid sequence of the groES gene gave a 100-amino acid protein with a deduced molecular mass of 10.7 kDa. The 817-bp fragment is deposited in the EMBL GenBank under accession no. AF079544.



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  		Fig. 1. Nucleotide sequence of the 817-bp PvuII/PvuII fragment (pMAC1). In the upstream region (nucleotides 1–211), the {sigma}70 RNA polymerase –35 and –10 promoter sequences (nucleotides 46–51 and 69–74) are in bold type; the {sigma}32 RNA polymerase –35 and –10 specific sequences for HSPs (nucleotides 41–51 and 60–74) are underlined; the CIRCE (controlling inverted repeats of chaperone expression) sequence (nucleotides 53–61 and 71–79), consisting of a 9-bp inverted repeat separated by a 9-bp region unique to HPS-coding operons, is in italics [25, 26]; a Shine-Dalgarno sequence (nucleotides 198–202) is in lower case. The fragment includes the entire groES gene (nucleotides 212–511), a region containing a Shine-Dalgarno sequence (nucleotides 593–597), and the first 72 codons (nucleotides 602 –817) of the cpn60.1 gene, a groEL homologue [23, 24]. The deduced amino acid sequences of the GroES protein and of part of the Cpn60.1 protein are shown below the corresponding nucleotide sequence.

 

After IPTG induction of E. coli M15 cells transformed with the groES gene, the C-terminally His-tagged GroES protein appeared to be expressed efficiently (Fig. 2). On the other hand, only a slight expression of the N-terminally His-tagged GroES protein was observed (data not shown). A 100-ml volume of E. coli M15 culture grown to an OD600 of 0.7 before induction yielded c. 1.5 mg of purified GroES protein.



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  		Fig. 2. Whole-cell protein profiles (SDS-PAGE) of E. coli M15 expressing (His)6-GroES protein at the time of IPTG addition (lane 1) and at 1, 2, 3 and 4 h (lanes 2–5, respectively) after induction. M, molecular mass markers; the arrow indicates the GroES band.

 

Antigenic properties and cellular distribution of GroES

The immune serum produced in rabbits immunised with the recombinant GroES showed an ELISA titre of 256 000. The recombinant GroES of M. avium showed a high degree of purity, as assessed by the presence of a single major band and the lack of extra bands by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting (Fig. 3a and b, lane 2); the specificity of the immune serum was proved by the observation that whole-cell ultrasonicates gave only one band in immunoblotting (Fig. 3a and b, lane 1). Moreover, absorption of the serum with recombinant GroES completely removed this reaction (data not shown). These observations indicated that the recombinant GroES preparation represented a homogeneous protein suitable for further studies. The size of the recombinant GroES appeared to be slightly greater than that of native GroES because of the presence of six histidine residues in the recombinant protein.



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  		Fig. 3. (a) SDS-PAGE of sonicate of M. avium (5 µg protein, lane 1) and the recombinant His-tagged GroES protein (0.5 µg, lane 2). M, molecular mass markers. (b) Immunoblot, with the rabbit anti-GroES serum, of the sonicate of M. avium (1 µg protein, lane 1) and the recombinant His-tagged GroES protein (0.1 µg, lane 2). M, molecular mass markers.

 

It was observed by immuno-electron microscopy that expression of GroES was markedly enhanced after heat-shock treatment of the logarithmic phase M. avium cells. GroES was abundant on the surface of the intact bacteria, associated with capsular material (Fig. 4b), and both in the cytoplasm and on the surface of sectioned cells (Fig. 4d). No relevant labelling was detected when cells were not heat-shocked (Fig. 4a and c), or when they reached the stationary phase (data not shown). No labelling was seen with cells treated with the pre-immune rabbit serum.



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  		Fig. 4. Electron micrographs showing immunolocalisation of GroES. (a) Cells of M. avium grown at 37°C. (b) Cells of M. avium after heat shock at 48°C. (c) Ultra-thin sections of M. avium grown at 37°C. (d) Ultra-thin sections of M. avium after heat-shock at 48°C. Bars, 100 nm. Gold particles measure 5 nm in diameter.

 

Protection experiments in mice

In preliminary experiments, BALB/c mice immunised subcutaneously with recombinant GroES plus incomplete Freund's adjuvant were not protected against infection after intraperitoneal challenge with 105 cfu of M. avium (data not shown). On the basis of this observation, and considering that the nasal mucosa is a probable entry point of M. avium into its host, the use of a mucosal adjuvant and a mucosal (intranasal) route of immunisation was investigated for protection of mice against intranasal challenge with M. avium.

When mice were challenged intranasally with 2 x 104 cfu, M. avium was recovered on day 1 in the lungs (1.6 SD 0.2 x 103 cfu) but not in the spleen. The organism multiplied efficiently in both organs, as determined by the increase in cfu in non-immunised control mice by day 42 after challenge (Fig. 5a). At this time, mice immunised with GroES plus CpG showed significantly fewer organisms in the spleen when compared with non-immunised controls, unlike mice immunised with GroES or CpG alone. Under these experimental conditions, the lungs were not protected against the challenge dose.



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  		Fig. 5. Protection provided by recombinant GroES in combination with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides. Mice were immunised intranasally with 10 µg GroES + 10 µg CpG, 10 µg GroES, 10 µg CpG, or PBS (control) and challenged intranasally with 2 x 104 cfu of M. avium (a), or 103 cfu (b) on day 42. The numbers of cfu in the lungs and spleens of immunised and control mice on day 84 are shown. Data represent the means of three experiments (n = 6 mice per group in each experiment). Error bars represent SD. *p <0.05 in comparison with control, GroES and CpG groups.

 

To mimic more natural conditions of infection, a lower challenge dose (103 cfu) was then administered by the nasal route. M. avium was recovered on day 1 in the lungs (1.2 SD 0.2 x 102 cfu) but not in the spleens. Again, the organism had multiplied both in the lungs and spleens of the control group by day 42 of the infection (Fig. 5b), although to a lower extent than in mice challenged with 2 x 104 cfu. However, while GroES or CpG alone did not induce any protection, significantly lower numbers of M. avium were observed both in the lungs and spleens of mice immunised with GroES plus CpG, in comparison with control, GroES and CpG groups. No animal died during the course of the experiment.


   Discussion
TOP
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and methods
 Results
 Discussion
References
 
M. avium infects the mucosal surfaces of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Thus, development of mucosal vaccines against this organism is desirable and intranasal administration of a combined vaccine containing the recombinant GroES with a CpG adjuvant was tested for its ability to confer resistance to intranasal infection with M. avium on mice.

Sequence analysis of a DNA fragment containing the groES gene showed that M. avium, like other mycobacteria [23, 24], has a groESL operon. The fragment contained the groES gene and a part of the cpn60.1 gene, a groEL homologue. The operon is preceded by sequences for conventional and HSP-specific promoters and by a controlling inverted repeat (CIRCE) for chaperone expression [25, 26]. M. avium GroES showed 97%, 92% and 88% amino acid identity with the GroES of M. tuberculosis, M. bovis and M. leprae, respectively, with only one residue (D 53) unique to M. avium (data not shown).

The recombinant GroES preparation showed a high degree of purity, as demonstrated by the presence of a single major band by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. The specificity of the immune serum and its suitability for use in immunolocalisation studies were demonstrated by the observation that whole-cell ultrasonicates produced one major band in immunoblotting. The band (native GroES) showed a mol. wt slightly lower than that of recombinant GroES, in accordance with the observation that histidine-tagged proteins run more slowly than the equivalent, untagged proteins [27].

As HSPs are usually regarded as intracellular proteins involved in protein folding and assembly, in theory they should not be found outside the cells. Nevertheless, M. tuberculosis GroES was found extracellularly [7, 8] either as a result of leakage from dead cells or secretion by live bacteria [9]. M. avium cells not stressed by heat-shock treatment showed few GroES molecules when examined by immuno-electron microscopy. In contrast, after heat-shock, GroES was present intracellularly and on the bacterial surface and thus would be readily available for interaction with the host immune cells. Other intracellular HSPs such as GroEL and HSP70 are also surface-expressed proteins, possibly functioning as adhesins and having a direct activating effect on various host cell populations [28].

The potential for cross-reactivity with mammalian proteins was thought to preclude a role for HSPs as vaccine candidates. However, immunisation of mice with GroES and GroES-like proteins protected animals against M. leprae [10] and H. pylori infections [11], respectively. Furthermore, DNA vaccines encoding the groEL gene induced very strong antituberculous activity in mice [29]. DNA vaccines are known to derive their immunogenic potential from the adjuvant action of sequences containing CpG motifs [30]. To date, most of the work with CpG as adjuvant has been performed with parenteral administration to mice [13] and non-human primates [31]. Intraperitoneal administration of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides protects mice against M. tuberculosis by inducing a Th1 response [32]. However, several studies have shown that intranasal delivery, with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides as adjuvants, results in strong systemic and mucosal immune responses to co-administered antigens, including hepatitis B surface antigen [14] and influenza virus [33]. Intranasal administration of CpG and interleukin-12 also improves the efficacy of BCG vaccination in mice challenged with M. tuberculosis [34].

In agreement with these observations, the present study showed that BALB/c mice immunised intranasally with recombinant GroES protein with the addition of a CpG adjuvant acquired a significantly increased resistance to infection with M. avium after intranasal challenge. Protection was related to the mycobacterial burden from the challenge dose. When mice were challenged with a relatively high dose, the lungs were not protected by either GroES alone or GroES plus CpG. This dose gave rise to counts of c. 1600 cfu per lung on day 1. Nevertheless, when a lower challenge dose (103 cfu) was used, perhaps better resembling environmental conditions of infection [4], both lungs and spleen were significantly protected against M. avium. The latter dose gave rise to a count of c. 120 cfu per lung on day 1, i.e., a mycobacterial burden which is expected to be partially contained in the lung by the emerging immune response [35].

One of the primary routes of infection by M. avium is the intranasal route. Our observation that intranasal administration of a single mycobacterial protein and a CpG adjuvant protects mice against mycobacterial infection by the same route suggests that other recombinant mycobacterial proteins should be investigated.


   Acknowledgments
 
We are grateful to Pasqualina Crateri and Simona Recchia for their valuable technical assistance. This work was supported in part by the Italian AIDS Project, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Ministero della Sanità, Grants 50D.5 and 50D.4.


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 Materials and methods
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 Discussion
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