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J Med Microbiol 57 (2008), 185-189; DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.47470-0
© 2008 Society for General Microbiology
ISSN 1473-5644

Prevalence and risk factors for nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae among adolescents

Déa M. Cardozo1, Cristiana M. Nascimento-Carvalho1, Ana-Lúcia S. S. Andrade2, Anníbal M. Silvany-Neto3, Carla H. C. Daltro4, Maria-Angélica S. Brandão5, Angela P. Brandão6 and Maria-Cristina C. Brandileone6

1 Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Avenida Reitor Miguel Calmon, s/n, CEP 40110-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

2 Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

3 Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

4 Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

5 Central Laboratory of Bahia (LACEN), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

6 Bacteriology Branch, Adolfo Lutz Institute (IAL), São Paulo, Brazil

Correspondence
Cristiana M. Nascimento-Carvalho
nascimentocarvalho{at}hotmail.com

Received 27 June 2007
Accepted 30 September 2007

Data on the prevalence of pneumooccal nasopharyngeal carriage and its risk factors among adolescents are scarce. The aim of this study was to provide such information. A cross-sectional, population-based prospective study was conducted. Participants were 1013 adolescents (age range 10–19 years) randomly recruited in 22 public schools. Those schools were randomly chosen among 307 public schools from 11 Sanitary Districts of Salvador, Brazil. Nasopharyngeal samples were assessed by standard procedures to recover and identify Streptococcus pneumoniae. Data on potential risk factors were gathered by confidential interview based on a standardized questionnaire. Pneumococci were recovered from 8.2 % [83/1013, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 6.6–10.0]. By stepwise logistic regression, pneumococcal colonization was independently associated with younger age [odds ratio (OR) 0.85, 95 % CI 0.77–0.94, P=0.001], being male (OR 1.78, 95 % CI 1.11–2.85, P=0.02), exposure to passive smoke in the household (OR 1.76, 95 % CI 1.10–2.79, P=0.02), having an upper respiratory infection during recruitment (OR 2.67, 95 % CI 1.67–4.28, P<0.001) and having a history involving an episode of acute asthma during the last year (OR 2.89, 95 % CI 1.18–7.08, P=0.03). The estimated probability of pneumococcal colonization decreased with age ({chi}2 for trend=8.52, P=0.003). These findings provide tools for increasing the use of prevention strategies for pneumococcal diseases, such as pneumococcal vaccination among asthmatic patients and public health measures to stop smoking.

Abbreviations: CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.






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